8. In quantitative PCR (qPCR), why do we focus on the Ct value (Threshold Cycle) rather than the final amount of product at the end of the reaction? (3 pts) Briefly define what the Ct value represents. (3 pts)

9. You observe that adding DNase to a bacterial culture prevents the bacteria from acquiring a new hereditary trait. Based on this observation, which gene transfer mechanism is occurring (Transformation, Transduction, or Conjugation)? Explain your reasoning. (4 pts)

10. Why is a frameshift mutation located at the beginning of a coding region generally more detrimental to protein function than a missense mutation? Briefly explain the reason. (4 pts)

(1) The number of moles of aspirin in one tablet.

(2) The number of aspirin molecules in one tablet.Report both answers to 3 significant figures using scientific notation.

35. The Ksp values of three sulfide salts are given below:(A) CuS: 8.5 × 10⁻⁴⁵; (B) Ag₂S: 1.6 × 10⁻⁴⁹; (C) Bi₂S₃: 1.1 × 10⁻⁷³Arrange the salts in order of decreasing molar solubility:_____> _______>_______.

36. Silver crystallizes in a cubic closest packing (ccp) structure, which corresponds to a face-centered cubic (fcc) unit cell, as shown. The atomic radius of silver is r = 1.44 Å. Calculate the density of silver by completing the following steps. Report all calculated values to 3 significant figures.(1) There are effectively _ silver atoms in one unit cell.(2) The edge length of the unit cell, d, is _ Å.(3) The volume of the unit cell is _ cm³.(4) The total mass of silver in one unit cell is _ g.(5) The density of solid silver is _ g/cm³.

37. Pure water freezes at 0.00°C under 1 atm, and its molal freezing-point depression constant is Kƒ = -1.86°C kg mol⁻¹. A solution is prepared by dissolving 14.84 g of a non-electrolyte in 291.7 g of water. The freezing point of the solution is -0.276°C. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Report your answer to 3 significant figures.

38. The complex ion [CoBr₄]²⁻ has a tetrahedral geometry. Answer the following questions.(1) How many 3d electrons are present in the cobalt center?(2) Draw the crystal-field splitting diagram for the 3d orbitals in a tetrahedral ligand field and indicate the electron configuration by placing the electrons in the appropriate orbitals.

二、簡答題 1. The primary challenge in oncological pharmacology is achieving site-specific delivery while minimizing systemic toxicity. You are tasked with designing a drug delivery vehicle for a novel lung cancer therapeutic that must bypass the systemic circulation and selectively enter the cytoplasm of malignant lung epithelial cells. Discuss the molecular mechanisms you would exploit to ensure this specificity. In your response, compare the efficacy of targeting the extracellular matrix (ECM) with that of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Why is the mere chemical property of the drug (such as hydrophobicity) insufficient for achieving high tissue specificity in a complex multicellular organism?

2. In an experimental dataset, researchers often encounter 'outliers'-data points that deviate significantly from the established trend or theoretical expectation. Critically evaluate the scientific and ethical implications of data exclusion. Specifically, discuss why the practice of omitting outliers without transparent justification (as suggested in options A and B of the original multiple-choice prompt) undermines the validity of research. In your response, address how a researcher should systematically investigate these anomalies and what their presence might reveal about the experimental design or the phenomenon under study.

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