複選題
16. Which method(s) can be used to functionally inactivate a gene without altering its sequence?
(A) gene knockout
(B) CRISPR
(C) RNA interference
(D) dominant negative mutation
(E) C and D

12. Which of the following factors recognizes the UAG, UAA, and UGA codons? (A) RNA polymerase (B) initiation factors (C) termination factors (D) elongation factors

13. Which nucleic acid structure has its bases methylated after synthesis? (A) DNA (B) mRNA (C) tRNA (D) rRNA (E) cDNA

14. Which of the following is not required for both DNA replication and RNA transcription? (A) DNA (B) primers (C) RNA (D) proteins

15. Proximity-ligation assays are used to detect a specific (A) DNA. (B) RNA. (C) protein-protein interaction. (D) carbohydrate.

17. Which of the following is not a mobile DNA element? (A) transposon (B) long terminal repeats (LTR) (C) long interspersed elements (LINES) (D) insertion sequence (IS) elements

18. Sorting of protein to mitochondria and chloroplasts is (A)co-translational. (B) post-translational. (C) pre-translational.

19. Open reading frame (ORF) analysis is not effective in identifying genes in higher eukaryotes because of the presence of (A) promoters. (B) enhancers. (C) introns. (D) repetitious DNA.

20. All of the following can be found in chromatin except (A) DNA. (B) histones. (C) RNA. (D) transcription factors.

21. Telomeres (A) consist of repetitive sequences with high G content. (B) are a few hundred base-pairs long in vertebrates. (C) have specific proteins bound at the DNA ends. (D) A and C (E) All of the above

22. Which of the following sequential order for the secretory pathway is false? (A)Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae →  secretory vesicles. (B) Rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisternae → Mitochondria. (C) Plasma membrane →  Early endosome → Late endosome → Lysosome. (D)Rough ER → ER-to-Golgi transport vesicles → Golgi cisterae →  Late endosome →  Lysosome.