11. Changes in DNA sequence from one generation to the other generation may result in offspring that are better adopted to the environment than their parents. The process of change and selection over the course of many generations is the basis of _____.
(A) mutation
(B) reproduction
(C) heredity
(D) evolution
(E) adaptation

複選題1. Which of the following components or events   are   involved in transcriptional gene regulation? (A) RNA Polymerase II (B) Transcription factors (C) Enhancer region (D) Splicing (E) Polyadenylation

複選題2. Which of the following components or events   are   involved in post- transcriptional gene regulation? (A) Trans-regulatory elements (B) Cis-regulatory elements (C) Terminator (D) Capping (E) RNA editing

複選題3. Which of the following components or events   are   involved in post-translational gene regulation? (A) Histone acetylation and methylation (B) DNA methylation (C) Ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation (D) Protein lipidation (E) MicroRNA-mediated gene downregulation 

複選題4. Which of the following statements about T-DNA   are   correct? (A) The T-DNA is the transferred DNA of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid. (B) The T-DNA is bordered by 2K base-pair repeats on each end (C) Transfer is initiated at the right border and terminated at the left border and requires the vir genes of the Ti plasmid. (D) Agrobacterium vir genes expression results in generation of a mobile double- stranded T-DNA to be incorporated into the plant genome. (E) Although T-DNA integration does appear to be random, proteins involved in chromatin modification likely play some role in integration.

複選題5. Which of the following statements about transposon   are   correct? (A) Transposon is a DNA sequence that can irreversibly change its position within a genome. (B) Transposition often results in duplication of the same genetic material. (C) The reverse transcription step of retrotransposon is catalyzed by a reverse transcriptase, which is often encoded by the transposon itself. (D) Dissociation elements (Ds) is an example of an autonomous transposon, and activator element (Ac) is an example of a non-autonomous transposon. Without Ds, Ac is not able to transpose. (E) Transposition of Ds was sometimes accompanied by major chromosomal rearrangements including deletions, duplications, inversions, reciprocal translocations. 

複選題6. Which of the following methods   are   biochemical technologies for testing protein-protein interactions? (A) Proximity ligation assay (B) Coimmunoprecipitation (C) Pulldown assay (D) Cross-linking (E) Isothermal titration calorimetry

複選題7. Which of the following methods   are   genetic technologies for testing protein- protein interactions? (A) Phage display (B) Yeast two-hybrid (C) Yeast split-ubiquitin assay (D) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (E) Split-luciferase assay

複選題8. Which of the following methods   are   used for detecting nucleic acids-protein interactions? (A) Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (B) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (C) Yeast two-hybrid (D) The electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) (E) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

9. You discover that the underlying cause of a specific type of cancer is an oncoprotein that is less stable than the non-oncogenic version of the protein. This change is most likely to be due to _____. (A) a mutation within the intron of a gene (B) a mutation within the exon of a gene (C) a mutation within the promoter region of a gene (D) gene duplication (E) gene deletion

10. You find that the number of total protein species in humans (and other organisms) can vastly exceed the number of coding genes. This is largely due to _____. (A) protein degradation (B) alternative splicing (C) homologous genes (D) mutation (E) horizontal transfer

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