11. Lysosomes digest unneeded intracellular debris through the process of_____________.
(A) endocytosis
(B) phagocytosis
(C) autophagy
(D) pinocytosis
(E) exocytosis

12. What would be an expected feature of a plasma membrane that had no integral membrane proteins? The membrane would_____________. (A) be unable to transport sodium ions (B) collapse (C) have no fluidity (D) have no cholesterol (E) not associate with peripheral membrane proteins

13. Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane is correct? (A) Membrane carbohydrates function primarily in cell-cell recognition. (B) Carbohydrates on the plasma membrane are typically short chains of between two and five monosaccharides. (C) Carbohydrates are only found associated with the membranes of prokaryotic cells. (D) Carbohydrates associated with the plasma membrane are located on both surfaces of the membrane.

14. Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? (A) Mutation (B) Nonrandom mating (C) Genetic drift (D) Natural selection (E) Gene flow

15. Estrogen is a steroid hormone. What can be concluded about estrogen receptors? (A) The receptors would be coupled to a G-protein. (B) The receptors would be linked to enzymes that triggered a kinase cascade. (C) The receptors would be found inside the cell. (D) The receptors would be on the plasma membrane. (E) The receptors would also be lipid soluble and able to cross membranes.

16. Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is correct? (A) If oxygen is present, pyruvate will be converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix. (B) Substrate phosphorylation occurs when protons pass through ATP synthase and combine with oxygen to make water. (C) An H⁺ electrochemical gradient is formed so that the H⁺ concentration is lower in the intermembrane space than inside the matrix. (D) Oxygen is an excellent final electron acceptor because of its low electronegativity. (E) In prokaryotic cells, the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.

17. Which of the following triggers the cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into mitosis? (A) PDGF (B) MPF (C) Cyclin (D) Protein kinase (E) Cdk

18. Diffusion of ions across membranes through specific ion channels is driven by_____________. (A) active transport pumps (B) ion concentration gradients only (C) electrical gradients only (D) ion electrochemical gradients

19. Mutations that inhibit the function of photosystem I but not photosystem II would result in a plant cell that could still generate _____________. (A) produce O₂, ATP, and NADP⁺ (B) produce ATP and NADP⁺ (C) produce CO₂ and ATP (D) produce O₂, ATP, and NADPH (E) produce ATP and NADPH

20. Using ¹⁴CO₂ as a radioactive tracer, which molecule would be the last to incorporate ¹⁴C within the Calvin cycle? (A) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) (B) rubisco (C) ribulose biphosphate (RuBP) (D) 1,3-biphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) (E) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

21. The primary advantage C4 plants have over C3 plants is that (A) C4 plants can produce CO₂ needed for sugar production in the Calvin cycle more efficiently than C3 plants. (B) C4 plants minimize photorespiration compared with C3 plants. (C) C4 plants can produce sugars more efficiently than C3 plants under cool, wet conditions. (D) relative to C3 plants, C4 plants can keep their stomata open more frequently to limit water evaporation.

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