12. Effectively, a nerve fiber can be considered as being composed of many individual circuits, where each circuit consists of a battery, a capacitor of capacitance C, and a resistor of resistance R connected in series which is the so-called RC circuit. What is the time constant of the RC circuit?
(A) R/C
(B) 1/RC
(C) RC
(D) RC²
(E) CR²

8. An electrocardiogram (ECG) can detect heart activity because the heart can form an electric dipole under external stimulation. Suppose the capacitance per unit area of a cardiac myocyte (心肌細胞) is C, the total surface area of the cardiac myocyte is A, and the transmembrane voltage is V. Suppose that the thickness of the cardiac myocyte is d. What is the electric dipole moment of a single cardiac myocyte? (A) CVAd (B) CVd (C) CVd/A (D) CV/A (E) CV

9. Nyboer theoretically discovered in 1940 that changes in impedance can be used to determine changes in the cross-sectional area of blood vessels. Impedance is the resistance of a conductor in an alternating current circuit (frequency ω). There are various substances with different resistivities within the human body, so the human body exhibits a significant capacitance. The circuit composed of resistance R and capacitance C can be divided into series and parallel configurations. In the case of resistance and capacitance in series, what is the impedance Z? (A) (B)(C)(D)(E)

10. When the observer and the sound source are stationary relative to each other, the observed frequency is f. Suppose the observer and the source are moving toward each other. If the observer's speed is 0.25v and the source's speed is also 0.25v, where v is the sound speed. What will be the observed frequency? (A) 5f/4 (B) 3f/4 (C) 4f/3 (D) 3f/5 (E) 5f/3

11. In a scenario where a patient is sliding down a ramp during rehabilitation, and friction is present, what happens to the initial total mechanical energy? (A) It is completely converted to kinetic energy. (B) It is completely converted to potential energy. (C) It remains constant. (D) It is partially converted to thermal energy due to friction. (E) It disappears.

13. High-frequency electromagnetic fields are typically used in medicine to heat internal tissues or organs of the body, such as in surgical cutting. For microwaves with a frequency of Hz, what is their wavelength? Can they be seen with the naked eye? [speed of light is 3×108 m/s] (A) m; invisible (B) m; visible (C) m; invisible (D) m; visible (E)m; invisible

14. X-rays are a commonly used electromagnetic wave in medical imaging technology. Using an X-ray tube to generate X-rays, the shortest wavelength Amin that can be produced is inversely proportional to the voltage V of the tube. This relationship can be expressed by the following equation. = Q/V. What is the value of the constant Q in the equation? Planck constant, an electric charge, and the speed of light are denoted as h, e, and c, respectively. (A) hc (B) e/h (C) e/(hc) (D) hc/e (E) e²/h

15. The dimensions of stress are _____.(A) [M/TL] (B) [M/T2L] (C) [MT/L] (D) [M/L] (E) [MTL]

16. For the Arrhenius equation, k = exp, which of the following statement is CORRECT? (A) The effect of an enzyme is to increase the magnitude of A. (B) The exp (-Ea/RT) term represents the fraction of molecules with a kinetic energy larger than Ea. (C) The reaction rate k is linearly proportional to temperature T. (D) The activation energy Ea is associated with the collision frequency of the reactants. (E) The steric factor of reaction affects the magnitude of Ea.

17. Which of the following are state functions? (A) work, heat, enthalpy (B) heat, enthalpy, energy (C) enthalpy, energy (D) work, heat, enthalpy, energy (E) work, heat

18. The mass of a sample of calcium carbonate powder is measured using weight by difference. If a vial containing calcium carbonate powder has an initial mass of 87.36 ± 0.03 g and a final mass of 76.99 ± 0.03 g, what mass of calcium carbonate was taken? (A) 10.37±0.04 g (B) 10.37±0.03 g (C) 10.370±0.042 g (D) 10.370 ± 0.004 g (E) 10.370 ± 0.005 g