16. A mutation that changes a serine codon to a stop codon is called a ________.
(A) Missense mutation
(B) Silence mutation
(C) Nonsense mutation
(D) Frameshift mutation
(E) Suppressor mutation

12. What is more important for UV induced lesions? (A) nucleotide excision repair (B) base excision repair (C) mismatch repair (D) nonhomologous end joining (E) homologous recombination

13. Which description is INCORRECT for cell cycle? (A) The cycle is ceased at G0 phase (B) Chromosome is condensed at M-phase (C) DNA synthesis is at S phase (D) Cells stop growing at G1 phase (E) Cells have duplicated chromosomes at G2 phase

14. Which statement of SARS-CoV-2 is INCORRECT? (A) It is an RNA virus with positive strand RNA genome (B) It requires RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to synthesize the virus genome (C) Spike proteins on surface is important for the infection (D) Remdesivir targets spike protein to inhibit virus replication (E) The SARS-Cov2 produces subgenomic RNAs

15. Which statement of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaces short palindromic repeats) is INCORRECT? (A) CRISPR are DNA sequences found in prokaryotic organisms (B) Cas9 enzymes together with CRISPR sequences known as CRISPR-Cas9 can be used to edit genes (C) CRISPR are derived from DNA fragments of bacteriophage genome (D) CRISPR are DNA sequences found in mammalian cells (E) CRISPR play a key role in antiviral defense system

複選題17. Which can be determined by NGS (next generation sequencing)? 1. Genomic DNA sequence 2. Expression of non-coding RNA 3. DNA methylation 4. Histone modification 5. Chromosome conformation 6. Protein structure (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5.6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1,2,3

18. Which of the following can be determined by Western blotting (PAGE)? 1. Protein size 2. The amount of proteins  3. The presence of particular proteins 4. Enzyme activity 5. Interaction of protein and DNA 6. Protein structure (A) 1, 2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5,6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1.2,3

19. Which description is CORRECT for exosomes (vesicles)? 1. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles 2. Contain RNA and proteins 3. Transfer molecules from one cell to another cell 4. Are produced in the endosomal compartment 5. Contain metabolites  6. The diameter is typically below 100 nm (A) 1, 2,3,4 (B) 1,2,3,4,5 (C) 1,2,3,4,5,6 (D) 1,2 (E) 1,2.3

20. Most protein kinases transfer phosphate groups to which amino acid(s)? 1. Glutamate  2. Threonine 3. Serine  4. Tyrosine  5. Lysine  6. Arginine (A) 1,2,3,4 (B) 2,3,5 (C) 1,2,3 (D)2.3.4 (E) 1,2,6

21. Following a nerve impulse, what triggers the opening of plasma membrane voltage-gated Ca2+ channels? (A) Membrane hyperpolarization (B) Endocytosis (C) Membrane depolarization (D) Membrane potential becomes more negative (E) Binding of glucose

22. Which description is INCORRECT for oncogene? (A) A gene that has potential to cause cancer (B) RAS and MYC are oncogenes (C) BRCA1 and p53 are oncogenes (D) The pro-oncogene can become an oncogene by a small modification of its original function. (E) Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help cell proliferation