21. Two genes are located on different chromosomes. Which event during meiosis is primarily responsible for generating different combinations of maternal and paternal alleles in the gametes?
(A) Synapsis of homologous chromosomes during prophase I
(B) Random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during metaphase I
(C) Separation of sister chromatids during anaphase II
(D) Crossing over between nonsister chromatids

22. A mutation eliminates the activity of an enzyme in a metabolic pathway. The substrate accumulates to toxic levels, while the product becomes deficient. Which treatment strategy would most directly address both consequences of the mutation? (A) Increase the intake of the substrate (B) Restrict the intake of the substrate and supplement the product (C) Increase ATP production in affected cells (D) Stimulate expression of unrelated metabolic enzymes

23. One key adaptation that enabled plants to colonize land was the retention of the developing embryo within maternal tissues. What advantage did this adaptation provide? (A) Increased dispersal distance (B) Reduced mutation rate (C) Nutritional support and protection during development (D) Increased pollen production

24. You find a plant unfamiliar to you and observe that it has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem cross section. What do you conclude about the plant? (A) It is probably an herbaceous eudicot. (B) It will probably get annual rings of wood. (C) It is probably a monocot. (D) It could be either a young eudicot or a monocot.

25. The structural integrity of bacteria is to peptidoglycan as the structural integrity of plant spores is to ________.(A) lignin (B) cellulose (C) secondary compounds (D) sporopollenin

26. A water molecule could move all the way through a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass through a living cell only once. This living cell would be a part of which structure? (A) a guard cell (B) the root epidermis (C) the endodermis (D) the root cortex

27. A mineral deficiency is likely to affect older leaves more than younger leaves if (A) the mineral is a micronutrient. (B) the mineral is very mobile within the plant. (C) the mineral is required for chlorophyll synthesis. (D) the mineral is a macronutrient.

28. Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of _________.I) an autocrine signal II) a paracrine signal III) an endocrine signal (A) only I and II (B) only II and III (C) only I and III (D) I, II, and III

29. Which of the following statements are correct?I) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions. II) Hormones of the same chemical class usually have the same function. III) Hormones are secreted by specialized cells usually located in exocrine glands. IV) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops. (A) only II and III (B) only I and III (C) only III and IV (D) only I and IV

30. Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario? (A) Blood flow through the capillaries is essentially frictionless, and this reduces the amount of pressure on their walls. (B) The total cross-sectional area of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure. (C) Fluid loss from the arteries is high enough that pressure drops off significantly by the time blood reaches the capillaries. (D) Capillary beds have the thickest walls of any blood vessel to resist these high pressures.

31. A researcher adds oligomycin, an inhibitor of ATP synthase, to actively respiring liver cells. Which of the following changes would most likely occur? (A) Oxygen consumption would increase. (B) ATP production would decrease and the proton gradient would increase. (C) ATP production would increase and the proton gradient would decrease. (D) NADH production would immediately stop.

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