24.下列那種生理現象可解釋受虐後的內化問題？
(A)limbic irritability
(B)dopamie irritability
(C)norephinephrine irritability
(D)HPA irritability

• 在2003年發表的paper的文中有提到早期受虐對大腦結構性的傷害，並有提到"Limbic Irritability"一詞

摘要：Early severe stress and maltreatment produces a cascade of neurobiological events that have the potential to cause enduring changes in brain development. These changes occur on multiple levels, from neurohumoral (神經賀爾蒙)(especially the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal {HPA} axis) to structural and functional. The major structural consequences of early stress include reduced size of the mid-portions of the corpus callosum and attenuated development of the left neocortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. Major functional consequences include increased electrical irritability in limbic structures and reduced functional activity of the cerebellar vermis. There are also gender differences in vulnerability and functional consequences. The neurobiological sequelae of early stress and maltreatment may play a significant role in the emergence of psychiatric disorders during development.

• 2022年的paper ‘Limbic Irritability’ as a Prospective Predictive Risk Factor for Escalating Substance Abuse in Emerging Adults

https://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(22)00343-2/abstract 

Efforts to understand the strong association between childhood adversity and substance use have focused on an array of symptomatic mediators. These include post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, dissociation and anger-hostility. We sought to assess the degree to which these symptoms, and symptoms of ‘limbic irritability’ could predicted escalating drug use in maltreated individuals. ‘Limbic irritability’ is characterized by intermittent abrupt episodes of sensory distortions or brief hallucinatory events, somatic disturbances, dissociative experiences and automatic behaviors, and is the symptom complex that we have found to be most strongly influenced by maltreatment.

我想由於題目問的是受虐後的內化問題，所以選擇會造成"情緒相關腦區結構改變"有關的(A)選項