24Which of the following statements best describes code switching?
(A) Translating literally a lexical item, idiom, compound word, or structure from L1 to L2.
(B) Creating a non-existing L2 word based on a supposed rule.
(C) Using an L1 word by adjusting it to L2 phonology and morphology.
(D) Inserting words, phrases, or even longer stretches of one language into the other.

(A) Literal Translation 

(B) Grammatical Word Coinage

(C) Foreignising

foreignization 異化翻譯  是故意使譯文衝破原語的常規，保留原文中的異國情調。

domestication 歸化翻譯  是盡量減少譯文中的異國情調，為目的語讀者提供一種自然流暢的譯文。

例如，「The man is the black sheep of his family.」

異化翻譯：「那人是全家的黑色的羊。」便會使人覺得莫名其妙，不知究竟是何含義。因為一般並不了解在西方文化中，黑羊比喻為魔鬼的化身。

歸化翻譯：那人是全家的害群之馬。」，意思便一目了然了。

整理自二樓資料

Code-switching is distinct from other language contact phenomena, such as borrowing, pidgins and creoles, loan translation (calques), and language transfer (language interference). 

Borrowing affects the lexicon, the words that make up a language, while code-switching takes place in individual utterances. 

Speakers form and establish a pidgin language when two or more speakers who do not speak a common language form an intermediate, third language.

On the other hand, speakers practice code-switching when they are each fluent in both languages.

Code mixing is a thematically related term, but the usage of the terms code-switching and code-mixing varies. Some scholars use either term to denote the same practice, while others apply code-mixing to denote the formal linguistic properties of language-contact phenomena and code-switching to denote the actual, spoken usages by multilingual persons.