30. Which of the following statements about human lung physiology and function is NOT true?
(A) Oxyhemoglobin forms carbamino compounds more readily than De- oxygenated hemoglobin.
(B) The soluble enzyme carbonic anhydrase II (CAII) plays an important role in CO₂ influx and efflux by red blood cells.
(C) The meaning of Bohr effect is CO₂ reacts with water, forming carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of its surroundings. Low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O₂.
(D) In arterial blood, Pco2 is 5.3k Pa (40mmHg).
(E) In mixed venous blood, Pco2 is 6.1 kPa (46 mm Hg).

26. Which of the following statements about the etiology and treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is incorrect? (A) The efficacy of biologic DMARDs (Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs) in RA treatment is primarily due to their ability to replace damaged joint tissues through regenerative mechanisms. (B) Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, play a significant role in the pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis by influencing gene expression related to immune response. (C) The presence of specific autoantibodies, such as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), is a key diagnostic marker and plays a role in the pathogenesis of RA. (D) Environmental factors such as smoking and obesity are known to increase the risk of developing RA and can exacerbate the severity of the disease. (E) Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA, with certain bacterial species potentially triggering or exacerbating the autoimmune response.

27. Which of the following organelles does not correctly match its membrane structure? (A) Mitochondria - Double membrane. (B) Centrosome - No membrane-bound. (C) Nucleus - Double membrane. (D) Autophagosome - Single membrane. (E) Phagophore - Single-membrane.

28. Which statement incorrectly describes the application of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies? (A) Size selection during library preparation in NGS is crucial for ensuring the uniformity of fragment lengths, which impacts the efficiency and accuracy of sequencing. (B) Fragmentation is not a concern in NGS as modern sequencing technologies can accurately reconstruct entire genomes from small DNA fragments. (C) NGS-based transcriptomic profiling can accurately quantify gene expression levels, but it is unable to capture post-transcriptional modifications such as RNA editing events. (D) scRNA-seq uncovers the dynamics of immune cell activation and differentiation in response to cancer immunotherapy. (E) Both NGS and scRNA-seq are critical in the field of evolutionary editing events.

29. Which of the following statements about the roles of gaseous signaling molecules in various biological processes is incorrect? (A) Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a vasodilator in the cardiovascular system and plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure. (B) Carbon monoxide (CO) is exclusively a toxic byproduct of combustion and has no significant role in cellular signaling or physiological processes. (C) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in neuromodulation and has been shown to have protective effects in certain neurodegenerative diseases. (D) In cancer biology, gaseous signaling molecules like NO can influence tumor growth and metastasis by modulating the tumor microenvironment. (E) Gaseous signaling molecules play a role in the immune system, where they can modulate immune responses and inflammation.

31. Which of the following reaction would favor cellular gluconeogenesis in the fasted state? (A) AMP activates phosphfructokinase 1. (B) Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate activates pyruvate kinase. (C) Acetyl-CoA activates pyruvate carboxylase. (D) NAD+ activates glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (E) None of the above.

32. Which description is true for deoxyribonucleotide? (A) cannot be synthesized in human cells (B) can be synthesized through ribonucleotide reductase (C) GTP is used as a energy donor during this reaction (D) can be obtained through nucleotide salvage pathway (E) none of the above

33. Which of the following amino acid is a nonessential amino acid with essential role in the production of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. (A) Tyrosine (B) Histidine (C) Leucine (D) Proline (E) Methionine

34. Which of the following amino acid is a pure ketogenic amino acid means its carbon skeleton can be used for the synthesis of ketone bodies but not glucose? (A) Lysine (B) Glycine (C) Proline (D) Methionine (E) Tryptophan

35. The enzyme, phosphoribosyltransferase, is involved in all of the following reactions except? (A) de novo synthesis of pyrimidine base (B) de novo synthesis of purine base (C) salvage reaction of pyrimidine base (D) salvage reaction of purine base (E) none of the above

36. Phospholipids contribute to cell functions except? (A) cell signaling (B) plasma membrane protein activation (C) mediator of acute inflammatory reaction (D) fat absorbtion in intestine (E) mitochondrial transport