31. A space probe is equipped with a large, perfectly reflecting solar sail. At the probe's location, the Sun provides an average energy flux (Poynting vector magnitude) of S= 1500 W/m². The sail has an area A = 1000 m², and sunlight strikes the sail at normal incidence. What is the total force exerted on the sail due to radiation pressure?
(A) 1 x 10-3 N
(D) 3 x 102 N
(B) 5 x 10-3 N
(C) 1 x 10-2 N
(E) 5 x 10-2 N

1. Compound A has the molecular formula C5H10, and all of its hydrogen atoms are chemically equivalent. Upon chlorination, A forms a dichlorinated product with the formula C5H8Cl2. Ignoring optical isomers, how many distinct isomers of C5H8C2 are possible? (A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6 (E) 7

2.The main procedures for determining the H2SO4 content in concentrated sulfuric acid include: ①Measuring a certain volume of concentrated sulfuric acid and diluting it; ②Transferring the solution to a volumetric flask and diluting to a fixed volume; ③Pipetting 20.00 mL of the solution to be tested and titrating it with 0.10 м NaOH solution. Which of the following pieces of apparatus is NOT required for the above procedures? (A) (B) (C) (D) (E)

3. Arrange the following compounds in order of decreasing normal boiling point: ①neopentane ②1-pentanol ③n-pentane ④3-chloropentane⑤ pentanoic acid (A)⑤＞④>② ＞ ③ (B) ② ＞ ⑤ ＞① ＞ ③(C) ⑤ ＞ ② ＞ ①＞④ (D) ⑤＞④ ＞① ＞③ (E) ② ＞④＞ ③ ＞ ①

4. Galium-68 has been used for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) through a beta plus decay to generate a positron (β+), which annihilate with an ordinary electron to generate two gamma rays are emitted in opposite directions. Which of the following is the product for the β+ decay of the Galium-68? (A) Zn-68 (B) Ga-67 (C) Ge-69 (D) Zn-67 (E) Ge-68

5. Galium-68 has a half-life of 68 min for positron decay. The recommended amount of Galium-68 radioactivity to be administered for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is 2 MBq/kg at the time of injection. If a freshly prepared Galium68 tracer solution has 64 MBq/mL, and it takes 3.5 hours to transport and ready for injection to patient. What volume of Galium-68 solution is required for PET scan on a 70-kg patient? (A) 5.6 mL (B) 7.5 mL (C) 11.6 mL (D) 14.2 mL (E) 17.5 mL

6. The basic building blocks of nucleic acids HC are nucleotides. The figure on the right shows a fragment of a nucleic acid structure. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) contain the same nitrogenous bases, but their five-carbon sugars are different. H 0 -O -CH OH (B) A nitrogenous base condenses with a five-carbon sugar to form anucleoside; a nucleoside condenses with phosphoric acid to form a nucleotide; nucleotides undergo condensation polymerization to form a nucleic acid. (C) Under certain conditions, a nucleotide can react with both acids and bases. (D) In nucleic acid molecules, bases undergo complementary pairing through hydrogen bonding. (E) This nucleic acid fragment contains three chiral centers. 

7. A galvanic cell is constructed based on the following standard reduction potentials at 25 °C:La3+ +3e-→La E° = -2.37 VFe2+ +2eFe E° = -0.44 V Which of the following statements is correct? (Faraday constant is 96500 C/mol.) (A) The cell potential with all components in their standard state is 3.42 V. (B) The cathode compartment would be composed of La3+/La. (C) Three electrons are transferred per unit of cell reaction. (D) When [Fe2+] = 2.00 x 10-4M and [La³+] = 2.00 x 10-3 M, the cell potential is ＞1.93 V. (E) The △G° for this cell is -1117.5 kJ.

8. Progesterone is a key female hormone with the structure on the right. Which of the following statements about this structure is correct?(A) It has two n-bonds. (B) It has six chiral carbon atoms. (C) Three carbon atoms are sp² hybridized. (D) Both oxygen atoms are sp hybridized. (E) It has two lone pairs of electrons in the Lewis structure. R

9. Which of the substances listed below can be transformed in nature according to the pathway shown in the diagram on the right, and for which substance R can react directly with water to form M?

10. Three possible Lewis structures (①, 2 and ③) can be drawn for nitrous oxide (N2O). Which of the following statements regarding N₂O and its Lewis structures is correct? (A) The oxidation state of nitrogen in N2O is +2. (B) The formal charge on the oxygen atom is the same in all three Lewis structures. (C) Based on formal-charge considerations, ①is the most fayorable. (D) Based on formal-charge considerations, ② is the most favorable. (E) The terminal nitrogen atom in ③ is sp-hybridized.

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