31. Damage to DNA that takes place during DNA replication results in arrest of normal cells at the _____ checkpoint.
(A) GO-to-G1
(B) G1-to-S
(C) S-to-G2
(D) G2-to-M
(E) M-to-G1

1. Which one of the following organisms is the major source of restriction enzymes? (A) stem cells (B) leukocytes or white blood cells (C) yeast (D) bacteria (E) plant cells

2. Which one of the following about restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is false? (A) RFLP can be used for genetic mapping. (B) RFLP denotes a difference in restriction maps between two individuals. (C) RFLP can be used as a genetic marker in exactly the same way as any other marker. (D) RFLPs are useful for establishing parent-progeny relationships. (E) RFLP can be used to locate the 5'- or 3'-ends of DNAs.

3. Which of the following eukaryotic initiation factors is involved in binding A Met to the ribosome? (A) eIF2 (B) eIF2B (C) eIF3 (D) eIF4F (E) eIF5

4. Which of the following about DNA polymerase I (pol I) is incorrect? (A) Pol I is the polymerase responsible for replicating the bacterial genome. (B) Pol I has three activities: DNA polymerase, 5'→ 3' exonuclease, and 3' → 5' exonuclease. (C) The Klenow fragment does not have 5'→ 3' exonuclease activity. (D) Pol I plays a dominant role in repair of DNA damage. (E) pol I can be cleaved by mild proteolytic treatment into to a large fragment and a small fragment.

5. Transformation (A) is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another. (B) occurs when a bacterium acquires DNA from the surrounding environment. (C) is the result of gene recombination. (D) is the result of gene mutation. (E) occurs when a phage transfers DNA from one bacterium to another.

6. Which of the following statements about the genetic code is incorrect? (A) The genetic code is a set of three-base code words, or codons, in mRNA. (B) The codons instruct the ribosome to incorporate specific amino acids into a polypeptide. (C) The code is nonoverlapping: that is, each base is part of only one codon. (D) There are total of 63 codons. Three are stop signals, and the rest code for amino acids. (E) The same aminoacyl-tRNA is allowed to pair with more than one codon.

7. The approach to gene cloning which uses a mixture of fragments from the entire genome of an organism is called a ______ approach. (A) "gene targeting" (B) "gene mapping" (C) "shotgun" (D) "Ti" (E) "transgenic"

8. Helicase is an enzyme that (A) degrades the RNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid. (B) unwinds a nucleic acid double helix. (C) degrades the DNA strand of an RNA-DNA hybrid. (D) introduces transient single-stranded breaks into substrate DNAs. (E) joins two double-stranded DNAs end to end.

9. Which of the following statements is false? (A) A replicon is any molecule of DNA or RNA that contains an origin of replication and can self-replicate. (B) Eukaryotic chromosomes have numerous replication origins scattered along each chromosome. (C) Prokaryotic DNA replication starts at a unique "origin of replication" and proceeds in one direction along the chromosome. (D) Eukaryotic DNA replication is bi-directional and replication bubbles occur at the sites of replication. (E) The origin of replication binds the pre-replication complex that recognizes, unwinds, and begins to copy DNA.

10. Which of the following is not a second messenger? (A) nitric oxide (B) (C) diacylglycerol (D) cAMP (E) inositol-1,3,5-triphosphate

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