31. During a stressful event, the body produces both immediate and long-term physiological responses. Which of the following best describes how the hypothalamus and adrenal glands work together in this stress response? (A) The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) directly into the bloodstream to stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete glucocorticoids. (B) The adrenal medulla secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, which produce rapid "fight-or-flight" responses. (C) The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids during long-term stress. (D) Mineralocorticoids released from the adrenal medulla primarily increase heart rate during acute stress. (E) During the short-term stress response, the anterior pituitary releases epinephrine directly into the bloodstream to bypass the slower neural pathways of the sympathetic nervous system.

13. Suppose a person begins breathing very rapidly while resting (hyperventilating), which of the following best describes how homeostasis is restored? (A) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The frontal cortex detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (B) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The hypothalamus detects the change and decreases stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby reducing the breathing rate. (C) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The hypothalamus detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (D) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (E) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate.

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