38. In the human genome, a variation in a single DNA base pair, such as the substitution of a cytosine ( C ) for a thymine (T), that occurs in more than 1% of the population is known as a __________. They serve as powerful molecular markers in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic predispositions to complex diseases. (A) insertion-deletion mutation (InDel) (B) haplotype block (C) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (D) copy number variant (CNV) (E) short tandem repeat (STR)

13. Suppose a person begins breathing very rapidly while resting (hyperventilating), which of the following best describes how homeostasis is restored? (A) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The frontal cortex detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (B) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The hypothalamus detects the change and decreases stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby reducing the breathing rate. (C) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The hypothalamus detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (D) Rapid breathing increases blood CO2 levels, thereby causing the blood pH to drop. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate. (E) Rapid breathing decreases blood CO2 levels, thereby raising blood pH. The medulla oblongata detects the change and reduces stimulation of the rib muscles and the diaphragm, thereby decreasing the breathing rate.

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