31. What is the theoretical basis of audio-lingual instruction?
(A) Cognitive psychology, the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, memory, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning.
(B) Constructivism, which recognizes learners construct new understandings and knowledge, integrating with what they already know.
(C) Behaviorism, which postulates humans could be trained through repetitive drills and system of reinforcement.
(D) Gestaltism, which is a theory of perception that was a rejection to the basic principles of Wilhelm Wundts’ elementalist and structuralist psychology.

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統計： A(36), B(41), C(265), D(19), E(0) #2928504

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What is the theoretical basis of audio-lingual instruction?
聽說教學的理論基礎是什麼？
(A) Cognitive psychology, the scientific study of mental processes such as attention, memory, problem solving, creativity, and reasoning.
認知心理學，對注意力、記憶力、解決問題、創造力和推理等心理過程的科學研究。 
(B) Constructivism, which recognizes learners construct new understandings and knowledge, integrating with what they already know.
建構主義，承認學習者建構新的理解和知識，與他們已經知道的相結合。 
(C) Behaviorism, which postulates humans could be trained through repetitive drills and system of reinforcement.
行為主義，假設人類可以通過重複訓練和強化系統進行訓練。 
(D) Gestaltism, which is a theory of perception that was a rejection to the basic principles of Wilhelm Wundts’ elementalist and structuralist psychology.
格式塔主義，這是一種感知理論，拒絕威廉·馮茨的元素主義和結構主義心理學的基本原則。 
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**Audio-lingual instruction（聽說教學法）**的理論基礎來自於 行為主義（Behaviorism）。

這個教學法於 20 世紀中葉盛行，特別是在美國軍方訓練語言學習者的「軍事語言計畫」中（Army Method）。

主要特色：

  • 重複操練（drills）：例如 pattern drills（句型操練）

  • **刺激與反應（stimulus-response）**模式

  • 強化學習（reinforcement）：透過獎勵正確行為、矯正錯誤

  • 忽略語言的內在認知過程，重視可觀察的行為改變

其他選項解析：

  • (A) Cognitive psychology：認知心理學主要影響的是後期如 認知教學法（Cognitive Approach），不是 audio-lingual。

  • (B) Constructivism：建構主義關注學習者內在理解的建構，與重視外在操練的 audio-lingual 相反。

  • (D) Gestaltism：完形心理學與語言教學關聯不大，更關注知覺組織。

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