32. 下列關於胃腸發炎的機制敘述，何者正確？
(1) Intestinal epithelial cells create various kinds of mucosal barriers for gut homeostasis
(2) Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) play an important role in immunity and inflammation
(3) Nutrients , metabolites from diet and/or gut bacteria influenced development and maintenance of ILCs
(4) Imbalance between host immunity and intestinal microbiota may cause infection and inflammation
(5) Dysfunction of intestinal barriers is one of the causes for IBD development
(A) (1)＋(2)
(B) (1)＋(3)
(C) (3)＋(4)
(D) (2)＋(3)＋(4)

(E) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)＋(5)

28. 有關胃癌與幽門螺旋桿菌的敘述，何者正確？(1) 幽門螺旋桿菌會透過許多分子活化致癌相關訊息傳遞機制，從而改變細胞週期及細胞生長(2) 早期根除幽門螺旋桿菌可以有效減少胃癌的發生率(3) 幽門螺旋桿菌根除時間越久，胃癌發生率減少的越明顯(4) 根除幽門螺旋桿菌，可以有效減少八成多胃癌風險(5) 即使胃癌發生後，幽門螺旋桿菌的根除，也可以在胃癌進行內視鏡切除後，有效減少胃癌的復發(A) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)＋(5)(B) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(5)(C) (1)＋(2)＋(4)＋(5)(D) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)(E) (1)＋(3)＋(4)＋(5)

29. 關於腸道菌群和飲食的關係，下列何者為非？(A) 腸道菌群的菌相結構會受到人類膳食習慣影響(B) 研究發現，由正常飲食轉變為只吃動物性食物會改變腸道菌的數量和種類(C) 研究發現，由正常飲食轉變為只吃植物性食物不會改變腸道菌的數量和種類(D) 母乳中常見的醣類(Sialylated milk oligosaccharides)會借由誘導腸道菌相的改變而影響體重(E) 食用被外源細菌、真菌或病毒汙染的食物，腸道菌組成可以在極短的時間內發生改變

30. 關於腸道菌群，下列敘述何者為非？(A) 人類糞便中可以被檢測到超過一千種腸道微生物(B) 腸道菌群生態的失衡也與多種疾病有關(C) 人類糞便中的腸道微生物其基因大約是人類蛋白編碼基因的 150 多倍(D) 據估計每個人體內大約存在著至少 160 種腸道微生物(E) 以上皆正確

31. 下列關於 inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)敘述，何者正確？(1) IBD 的診斷為一種綜合判斷包括臨床表現、影像學、内視鏡等(2) IBD 的治療目標為 deep remission(3) Budesonide 有口服或灌腸等兩種劑型，屬於高肝臟首渡效應(first pass effect)的短效類固醇(4)使用 anti-TNFα 治療 IBD，不需要 screening tuberculosis, hepatitis B(5) Combination of biologic agent and immunomodulator is more efficacious than biologic agent alone(A) (1)＋(2)(B) (1)＋(3)(C) (2)＋(3)＋(4)(D) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)(E) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(5)

33. 下列有關食物過敏敘述，何者正確？(1) 基因改造食物不會引起過敏免疫疾病(2) 食物不良反應(Adverse reactions to food)可分三類：耐受不良症候群、過敏免疫疾病、自體免疫疾病(3) 臨床上常見過敏反應之症狀有皮膚紅疹、發癢、嘴唇眼皮呼吸道腫脹(俗稱血管性水腫)、嚴重者會休克(稱為過敏性休克)(4) Coeliac disease 是典型食物誘發引起的自體免疫疾病(5) 診斷食物過敏疾病包括家族史、皮下皮膚測試、serum IgG level、食物排除試驗及食物誘發試驗(A) (1)＋(2)(B) (1)＋(3)(C) (1)＋(2)＋(3)(D) (2)＋(3)＋(4)(E) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)＋(5)

34. Meckel’s diverticulum 有下列幾個臨床上的特性，其中何者為非？(1) 最常見的症狀是出血(2) 成年人若核子醫學檢查(Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy 稱為 Meckel’sscan)為陰性，幾乎可以排除 Meckel’s diverticulum 的可能性(3) 好發位置在遠端迴腸，距離迴盲瓣(ileocecal valve)不到 100 公分處(4) 為先天性病灶(5) 有症狀的人比完全沒有症狀的人還多(A) (1)＋(2)(B) (3)＋(4)(C) (2)＋(5)(D) (1)＋(4)(E) (4)＋(5)

35. 下列關於 Impact of oral antibiotics on gut microbiota 敘述，何者正確？(1) 使用抗生素可導致腸道菌相明顯改變(2) 對於肥胖受試者給于 Vancomycin 會改變腸道菌相，但不改變腸道菌的代謝物(3) 抗生素造成宿主肥胖可能源自於抗生素改變腸道菌的代謝物(4) 畜牧業早已飼料中添加 subtherapeutic dose 抗生素作爲生長促進劑(5) 各種肉品中抗生素的殘留量檢測出零，代表無殘留、完全對人類無害(A) (1)(B) (2)(C) (2)＋(3)＋(4)(D) (1)＋(3)＋(4)(E) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)＋(5)

36. 下列關於 gut microbiota 敘述，何者正確？(1) Development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was influenced by host genetic polymorphisms, diet, gut microbiota(2) Gut-liver axis plays important role in metabolism, immune system education,tolerance development and prevention of pathogen colonization(3) Gut dysbiosis correlated with mortality in acute on chronic liver failure(4) Decreasing gastrointestinal motility in cirrhotic patient contributes to bacterial overgrowth(5) Fewer bacteroidetes, higher proportions of Proteobacteria and Fucobacteria were noted in cirrhotic patient(A) (1)＋(2)(B) (1)＋(3)(C) (2)＋(3)＋(4)(D) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)(E) (1)＋(2)＋(3)＋(4)＋(5)

37. 下列關於 Host-Microbes relationships 敘述，何者不正確？(1) For most infants, human microbiome is seeded by vertical (maternal)transmission during birth(2) If delivery is by cesarean section, the founding bacteria resemble those of cutaneous origin, predominantly lactic acid-producing bacteria(3) A healthy intestine is characterized by a diverse and versatile microbiota(4) Disturbances of host-microbe interaction by antibiotics during infancy,increases the risk of immuno-allergic disorders(5) Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes contribute to ≈ 90% of the species in the proximal bowel(A) (1)＋(2)(B) (2)＋(3)(C) (3)＋(4)(D) (2)＋(5)(E) (3)＋(4)＋(5)

38. 下列關於 Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)敘述，何者不正確？(1) Clostridium difficile is anaerobic spore-forming bacillus(2) Disturbance of gut microbiota diversity by antibiotics may lead to Clostridium difficile overgrow(3) Metronidazole or Vancomycin is first line treatment for CDI(4) CDI can be completely cured by single episode of Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)(5) Recurrence rate of CDI 可高達 40-60% with subsequent antibiotic exposure(A) (1)(B) (2)(C) (3)(D) (4)(E) (5)