32. Which one below is NOT correct for the taxonomic unit Vertebrates?
(A)Echinodermata is the sister group of Vertebrates.
(B)All vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor.
(C)Vertebrates all have a backbone.
(D)Tetrapods are the Vertebrates that could live on dry lands.
(E)Amniotes include Reptiles and Mammals.

28. Which of the following descriptions is NOT true for adaptive radiation? (A)It usually involves key innovation of character. (B)It usually requires filling of lineages to different ecological roles. (C)It can be observed in regional geographic area. (D)It does not require change of speciation rates. (E)It could happen in a sympatric condition.

29. Systematics is ________. (A)the evolutionary relationships between organisms (B)the science of “reconstructing” the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms (C)A sub-discipline of phylogenetics (D)the same as cladistics (E)the science using mostly genomic data to distinguish species

30. In the evolution of plants and fungal diversity, which one below is NOT true? (A)Green algae are the sister group of land plants. (B)Amoebozoans is the unicellular group that is sister to the big group included fungi and animals. (C)Land plants can be divided into vascular plants and nonvascular plants. (D)Seed plants include gymnosperms and angiosperms. (E)Fungi are more closely related to land plants than animals.

31. Which of the following group of arthropods is the most closely related group to insects? (A)Spiders (B)Crustaceans (C)Horseshoe crabs (D)Myriapods (E)Trilobites

33. Insects are the most successful group of animals. In insects, the life history of which group does not go through complete metamorphosis? (A)Beetles (B)Butterflies (C)Mosquitos (D)Fruit flies (E)Grasshoppers

34. Animals could modify their behaviors through learning. Which one below is NOT a good description about learning in animals? (A)Spatial learning increases the fitness of animals by storing useful landscape and environmental information in memory. (B)Associative learning is experience based, which does not require any prior information. (C)Imprinting is an innate behavior of offspring to remember their parents, which is build-in genetically and not a type learning. (D)Offspring observe parents and learn the ways to solve problems. This is a type of social learning. (E)Learning skill could be genetic or acquired.

35. What is NOT a negative consequence of invasive predatory species to an ecosystem? (A)Drive local population to extirpation. (B)Change the role of a local species in a food web. (C)Decrease local species richness. (D)Increase the local species diversity. (E)Cause local species extinction.

36. When doing a life table of a human population to describe the demographic changes, which variable is often used to measure the changes between classes through time? (A)Age classes (B)Gender classes (C)Race classes (D)Morphological classes (E)Body weight classes

37. Which one below is NOT a major threat to biodiversity? (A)Habitat loss (B)Invasive species (C)Overharvesting (D)Pollution (E)Annual climate fluctuation

38. Which of the interactions below is NOT a mutualism? (A)Bees and the plants that they pollinate (B)Cows and their grass land (C)Chloroplast and plant cells (D)Mitochondria and animal cells (E)Cooperation of hunting gang of wolves