4. A patient who underwent cholecystectomy develops steatorrhea after consuming a high-fat meal. Which digestive process is most directly impaired?
(A) Protein hydrolysis by pepsin
(B) Emulsification of lipids by bile salts
(C) Carbohydrate digestion by amylase
(D) Absorption of amino acids

5. The nuclear lamina is an array of intermediate filaments that line the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a chemical treatment caused the lamina to disassemble, what would you expect to be the most likely immediate consequence? (A) Closing of nuclear pores (B) The inability of the nucleus to divide during cell division (C) A loss of genetic information from chromosomes (D) A change in the shape of the nucleus

6. A research team is working on the design of a new drug for the treatment of lung cancer. To be most effective, this drug must specifically enter the cytoplasm of lung cells while not entering the cells of other tissues. Which of the following characteristics would likely enhance the specificity of this drug? (A) The relative hydrophobicity of the drug molecule (B) Phospholipid composition of lung cell plasma membranes (C) Specificity of the drug molecule for binding to the extracellular matrix of lung cells (D) Similarity of the drug molecule to other molecules normally transported lung cells

7. Which of the following statements correctly describes osmosis? (A) Osmosis only takes place in red blood cells. (B) Osmosis is an energy-demanding or "active" process. (C) In osmosis, water moves across a membrane from areas of lower solute concentration to areas of higher solute concentration. (D) In osmosis, solutes move across a membrane from areas of lower water concentration to areas of higher water concentration. 

8. If the adrenal cortex were surgically removed, an increase in the plasma levels of_____ would likely be observed. (A) glucocorticoid hormones (B) epinephrine (C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (D) acetylcholine

9. Researchers cultured embryonic liver cells on a synthetic surface that lacked extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although growth factors were present, the cells failed to activate several genes normally expressed during liver development. Which type of membrane protein is most likely required for transmitting signals from the ECM to the nucleus? (A) Integrins (B) Fibronectins (C) Actin microfilaments (D) Receptor tyrosine kinases

10. Which of the following processes generally requires protein phosphorylation? (A) Activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (B) Activation of steroid hormone receptors (C) Activation of G protein-coupled receptors (D) Activation ligand-gated ion channels

11. Under high light conditions, a plant mutant exhibits a higher ATP/NADPH ratio than wild-type plants while maintaining similar rates of oxygen evolution. Which process is most likely enhanced in the mutant? (A) Water oxidation at photosystem II (B) Reduction of NADP+ by ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (C) Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I (D) Carbon fixation by Rubisco

12. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected if a thylakoid membrane is punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma? (A) Splitting of water (B) Flow of electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I (C) Synthesis of ATP (D) Reduction of NADP+

13. A cell is treated with a drug that prevents kinetochore microtubules from attaching to chromosomes. Which stage of mitosis would most likely be disrupted? (A) DNA replication during S phase (B) Alignment of chromosomes at the metaphase plate (C) Cytokinesis (D) Chromosome condensation during prophase

14. A population of actively dividing cells is analyzed by flow cytometry. One group of cells contains twice as much DNA as another group. The cells with the higher DNA content are most likely in: (A) G1 only (B) G2 (C) G0 only (D) Cytokinesis only

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