40. How many of the following neurotransmitters is/are neuropeptide(s)? I. Acetylcholine II. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) III. Norepinephrine IV. Dopamine V. Serotonin VI. Endorphin
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4 

36. According to Hamilton’s rule, kin selection causes genes to increase when C ＜ Br, where C is the reproductive cost to the individual performing the act, B is the additional reproductive benefit gained by the recipient of the altruistic act, and r is the ____________. (A) genetic relatedness of the recipient to the actor (B) frequency of the altruistic allele (C) inbreeding coefficient (D) rate of recombination (E) return on investment

37. Sponges are composed of several distinct types, the activities of which are coordinated. Which of the following cell types of a sponge possesses a flagellum? (A) Amoebocyte (B) Choanocyte (C) Epithelial (D) Spicule (E) Nematocyte

38. In a special population, 16 out of every 900 people has a cancer caused by a completely recessive allele, b. Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which of the following is the predictable percentage of individuals who carry the b allele but are NOT expected to develop the cancer? (A) 4/900 (B) 32/900 (C) 208/900 (D) 676/900 (E) 884/900

39. Lichens have been the model organisms of symbiosis. What kind(s) of organisms is/are involved in the symbiosis? (A) Ascomycete (B) Alga or cyanobacteria (C) Basidiomycete yeast (D) A and B (E) A, B and C

41. About plant endosperm, which statement is NOT correct? (A) Endosperm is produced by the union of a central cell with a sperm cell. (B) In angiosperms, an endosperm formed by the union of a sperm with three polar nuclei during double fertilization. (C) The endosperm provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds. (D) The endosperm is a nutrient source for the embryo. (E) Wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread.

42. How many of the following about bacterial gene regulation is/are correct? I. Tryptophan acts as a repressor in trp operon. II. Allolactose acts as an activator in lac operon. III. Catabolite activator protein (CAP) is activated by allolactose. IV. The lac operon is turned on by an increase in glucose and an increase in cAMP. (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (E) 4

43. The Nobel Prize winners provide great contribution to human. How many of the following people is/are Nobel Prize winner(s)? I. Rosalind Franklin － provided X-ray photo of DNA for Watson and Crick. II. Shinya Yamanaka － established induced pluripotent stem cells. III. Brenner, Horvitz and Sulston － used Caenorhabditis elegans to study apoptosis. IV. Barbara McClintock － found transposon. V. Earl W. Sutherland － discovered signal transduction. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

44. DNA double-strand breaks can lead to genome instability. Which DNA repair mechanism is error-free system to repair this kind of lesion in the growth phase of the G2 phase cell cycle? (A) Homologous recombination (B) Non-homologous end-joining (C) Microhomology-mediated end joining (D) Base mismatch repair (E) Excision repair

45. How many of the following about the virus(es) is/are correct? I. Papillomavirus － cause warts and cervical cancer; belong to dsDNA virus. II. Poxvirus － cause cowpox; belong to dsDNA virus. III. Picornavirus － cause hepatitis A; belong to ssRNA virus serves as mRNA. IV. Coronavirus － cause SARA; belong to ssRNA virus serves as mRNA. V. Paramyxovirus － cause measles and mumps; belong to ssRNA virus serves as template for mRNA synthesis. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (E) 5

46. What is the most appropriate genetic maker to measure the genetic variation within human populations using the comparative genomic methods? (A) Ultra-conserved elements (B) Single nucleotide polymorphisms (C) Targeted enriched DNA fragments (D) Protein-coding genes (E) Transcriptomes