41. Which is NOT a source of genetic variation that makes evolution possible?
(A) Oxidative phosphorylation
(B) Formation of new alleles
(C) Sexual reproduction
(D) Altering gene number or position
(E) Rapid reproduction

37. Which of the following genetic changes of K-Ras is detected in over 90% of human pancreatic cancers? (A) Translocation (B) Mutation (C) Promoter methylation (D) Amplification (E) Transposition

38. In the process of human gametogenesis, which cell is haploid? (A) Spermatogonium (B) Primary spermatocyte (C) Primary oocyte (D) Early spermatid (E) Oogonium

39. In humans, the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene is 90,000 bases (90 kb) long, yet the mRNA is only 2,400 bases (2.4 kb). What explains this difference? (A) RNA editing (B) Code for poly A tail that is removed in mRNA (C) Loss of stability without a 5’ cap (D) Removal of exons in the final mRNA (E) Presence of introns in DNA

40. Which of the following organelles CANNOT be found in animal cells? (A) Lysosome (B) Central vacuole (C) Mitochondrion (D) Peroxisome (E) Centriole

42. Which of the following systems allow arthropods to propel the hemolymph into hemocoel? (A) Closed circulatory system (B) Open circulatory system (C) Respiratory system (D) Reproductive system (E) Digestive system

43. What is the evolutionary sequence that is believed to have given rise to the chloroplasts of land plants? (A) Cyanobacteria → brown algae → land plants (B) Photosynthetic bacteria → brown algae → green algae → land plants (C) Diatoms → green algae → land plants (D) Cyanobacteria → diatoms → green algae → land plants (E) Cyanobacteria → green algae → land plants

44. Which of the following statements about genetic drift is TRUE? (A) Genetic drift is significant in big populations. (B) Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random. (C) Genetic drift results in increased genetic variation within a population. (D) In very big populations, genetic drift can also cause slightly harmful allele to become fixed. (E) Genetic drift can preserve alleles in a population.

45. Regarding plant organ and its components, which of the following sets is NOT true? (A) Spores vs. sperms (B) Archegonia vs. eggs (C) Antheridia vs. sperms (D) Ovules vs. eggs (E) Seeds vs. embryos

46. Which of the following statements about reproductive system and embryonic development is TRUE? (A) The mesoderm of embryonic layer forms skeletal and muscular systems. (B) The primary oocyte is arrested at metaphase of meiosis II. (C) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the remaining follicular tissue to form the corpus luteum. (D) Luteining hormone (LH) causes sertoli cells to produce testosterone and other androgens. (E) Prostaglandins make the uterus more sensitive to oxytocin to initiate labor.

47. The heterokaryotic phase of a fungal life cycle is______. (A) a stage in which the hyphae contain only one type of haploid nucleus (B) a stage in which the hyphae contain two, genetically different, diploid nuclei (C) a stage in which the hyphae contain two, genetically different, haploid nuclei (D) a stage that is diploid but functions as a gametophyte (like the body of an animal) (E) a triploid stage formed by the fusion of a diploid nucleus with the haploid nucleus of a compatible hypha