5. In order to visualize the fine structure of viruses and cytoskeletal filaments at 10-25 nanometers in diameter the type of microscopy that would be most effective is
(A) standard light microscope
(B)phase-contrast light microscope
(C) transmission electron microscope
(D) darkfield light microscope
(E)confocal laser microscope

1. A researcher hypothesizes that crocodile gender is determined by the incubation temperature of the egg. The researcher conducts experiments and determines that an average nest incubation temperature of 32 - 33°C results in the birth of male crocodiles, while higher and lower incubation temperatures result in female crocodiles. What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon? (A) Since this phenomenon is influenced by an external stimuli (temperature), it cannot be attributed to changes in either the genome or the proteome. (B)Incubation temperature results in a change in the crocodilian proteome. (C) Incubation temperature results in a change in the crocodilian genome. (D) Incubation temperature changes both the crocodilian genome and proteome.

2. Which of the following is an example of horizontal gene transfer? (A) the transmission of an eye color gene from father to daughter (B)the transmission of a mutant gene causing cystic fibrosis from father to daughter (C) the transmission of a gene conferring pathogenicity (the ability to cause disease) from one bacterial species to another (D) the transmission of a gene conferring antibiotic resistance from a mother cell to its two daughter cells

3. Sickle cell anemia is a condition in which red blood cells exhibit a characteristic "sickle" shape. This arises from a mutation or change in one of the amino acids found in hemoglobin. A single amino acid mutation would directly affect a protein's _____ structure. (A) primary (B)secondary (C) tertiary (D) quaternary

4. If a specimen contains 30% adenine in its DNA, how much cytosine will it contain? (A) 40% (B)30% (C) 20% (D) 15% (E)10%

6. After drinking too much alcohol, a person will rely on which organelle to help detoxify and recover? (A) lysosome (B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum (C) mitochondrion (D) Golgi apparatus (E)peroxisome

7. Regarding the membrane and action potentials of a neuron, which of the following is   not   correct? (A) At resting, the intracellular concentration of is much higher than that of . (B)At the peak of action potential, the intracellular concentration of is much higher than that of . (C) During the depolarization of action potential, there is a net   influx into the cell. (D) During the hyperpolarization of action potential, there is a net moving out of the cell.

8. Cellular respiration produces the most energy in the form of ATP from which of the following? (A) glycolysis (B)the citric acid cycle (C) production of lactate (D) substrate-level phosphorylation (E)oxidative phosphorylation

9. A green plant is first grown in blue light and then in green light. The likely outcome for photosynthesis in both phases is (A) Decreased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light. (B)No plant growth in blue light and increased plant growth in green light. (C) No plant growth in blue light and decreased plant growth in green light. (D) Increased plant growth in blue light and no plant growth in green light.

10. Mutations that inhibit the function of photosystem I but not photosystem II would result in a plant cell that could still generate _____.(A) O2, ATP, and (B)ATP and (C) O2, ATP, and NADPH (D) ATP and NADPH (E)CO2 and ATP

11. When Calvin injected 14C labeled CO2 into cultures of green algae, what led him to conclude that rubisco adds CO2 to ribulose bisphosphate in the Calvin cycle? (A) Radioactivity appeared last in ribulose bisphosphate. (B)Radioactivity first appeared in ribulose bisphosphate. (C) Radioactivity appeared last in glucose. (D) Radioactivity first appeared in 3-phosphoglycerate. (E)Radioactivity appeared last in 3-phosphoglycerate.