5. In vertebrates with four-chambered hearts, the ______ receives oxygenated blood directly from the ______.
(A) right ventricle, lungs
(B) right ventricle, right atrium
(C) left atrium, left ventricle
(D) left ventricle, left atrium
(E) left ventricle, lungs

1. The formation of new species occurred in populations that are geographically isolated from one another is ______. (A) peripatric speciation (B) sympatric speciation (C) allopatric speciation (D) parapatric speciation (E) artificial speciation

2. If a species contains 23% adenine in its genome, what is the percentage of guanine it would contain? (A) 23% (B) 46% (C) 25% (D) 44% (E) 27%

3. Several butterfly species that are edible to birds have very similar color patterns to the generally inedible Monarch butterfly. This is best described as an example of ______. (A) Batesian mimicry (B) Müllerian mimicry (C) crypsis (D) aposematic coloration (E) subterfuge

4. Which description about the status of action potential of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels is FALSE? (A) resting state: both Na+ and K+ channels close (B) depolarization: some Na+ channels open and K+ channels close (C) rising phase of action potential: both Na+ and K+ channels open (D) falling phase of action potential: Na+ channels close and K+ channels open (E) None of the above

6. Which description about the endocrine system is FALSE? (A) Epinephrine synthesized from tyrosine is secreted from adrenal medulla. (B) Posterior pituitary synthesizes and secrets antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. (C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood Ca2+ level by stimulating kidneys and bones. (D) Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose and suppress immune system in long-term stress response. (E) None of the above

7. Which description about digestive system is FALSE? (A) Pantothenic acid, a component of coenzyme A, causes fatigue in deficiency. (B) Magnesium, an enzyme cofactor, causes nervous system disturbance in deficiency. (C) Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the release of enzyme from pancreas. (D) Leptin, produced by adipose tissue, stimulates appetite. (E) None of the above

8. Which description about cyclic AMP (cAMP) is FALSE? (A) It is formed from ATP by phosphodiesterase. (B) It activates protein kinase A. (C) It regulates the activity of synaptic ion channels. (D) It regulates the expression of LacZ (ß-galactosidase) in E. coli. (E) None of the above

9. Which ion in plants is NOT matched with its function? (A) Zn2+ -- water balance (B) K+ -- stomata operation (C) Fe3+ -- chlorophyll synthesis (D) Mg2+ -- component of the chlorophyll (E) None of the above

10. Which one is NOT a common model organism in developmental genetics? (A) Mus musculus (B) Caenorhabditis elegans (C) Cinnamomum camphora (D) Arabidopsis thaliana (E) None of the above

11. During the local inflammatory response, what chemical is released by mast cells that increase capillary permeability? (A) proteases (B) heparin (C) histamine (D) IgE (E) complement