57. Which of the following statements about transport in vascular plants is TRUE?
(A) The apoplast consists of everything internal to the plasma membranes of living cells.
(B) The symplastic route for water and solutes is from outside cells through cell walls and extracellular spaces.
(C) When K⁺ leaves the guard cells, stomata becomes open.
(D) Na⁺ is typically cotransported rather than H+ for transport of sucrose in plant cells.
(E) The movement of fluid in phloem is multidirectional in plants.

53. Which of the following statements about photosynthesis is TRUE? (A) The light reaction in the thylakoids makes NADP+ to the Calvin cycle . (B) Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase has a higher affinity for CO2 than rubisco does. (C) The oxygen is produced by the electron transfer system of photosystem I (PS I). (D) Photosystem II (PS II) is called P700 because of its reaction-center chlorophyll that absorbs light with a wavelength of 700 nm. (E) C4 plants only use rubisco for carbon fixation.

54. Which of the following statements about viruses is TRUE? (A) Prions replicate using host's translation machinery. (B) Reverse transcriptase in retroviruses converts host cell RNA into viral DNA. (C) A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle is called a temperate phage. (D) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are double-stranded DNA virus. (E) Herpesvirus has single stranded RNA that acts as a template for DNA synthesis.

55. About the ABC hypothesis of flowering, which set(s) of organ and gene expression is NOT true? (A) Sepals – A gene activity (B) Petals – A + B gene activity (C) Loss of A gene results in mutation of sepals and petals (D) Carpels – C gene activity (E) Stamens – A + C gene activity

56. What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages? (A) Increased aldosterone production (B) Increased blood pressure (C) Inhibition of antidiuretic hormone secretion (ADH) (D) Increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule (E) The osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity

58. When an individual is subject to short-term starvation, most available food is used to provide energy (metabolism) rather than building blocks (growth and repair). Which hormone would be particularly active during food shortage? (A) Epinephrine (B) Glucagon (C) Oxytocin (D) Antidiuretic hormone (E) Insulin

59. The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of ______. (A) a voltage-gated sodium channel (B) a voltage-gated potassium channel (C) a ligand-gated sodium channel (D) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel (E) a chemical that inhibits action potential

60. Which statement below about mating behavior is NOT true? (A) Some aspects of courtship behavior may have evolved from agonistic interactions. (B) Courtship interactions ensure that the participating individuals are non-threatening and of the proper species, sex, and physiological condition for mating. (C) The degree to which evolution affects mating relationships depends on the degree of prenatal and postnatal input the parents are required to make. (D) The mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous, to ensure the reproductive success of the pair. (E) Polygamous relationships most often involve a single male and many females, but in some species, this is reversed.

61. Enzymes are classified into 7 different major classes. Which enzyme class does the following reaction belong to? Pyruvate + H+ → acetaldehyde + CO2 (A) Oxidoreductases (B) Transferases (C) Hydrolases (D) Lyases (E) Ligases

62. Which of the following statements about the enzyme regulation by covalent-modification is NOT true? (A) Phosphorylation means the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to proteins. (B) Adenylylation means the transfer of an adenylate moiety from ATP to proteins. (C) ADP-ribosylation means the transfer of an ADP-ribosyl moiety from ATP to proteins. (D) Acetylation means the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to proteins. (E) Phosphatases can remove phosphate group from proteins.

複選題63. Which of following statements regarding glycogen metabolism is TRUE? (A) Glycogen degradation starts from reducing end to non-reducing end. (B) Amylo-(1,4 → 1,6)-transglycosylase is used in glycogen synthesis. (C) Glucose-1-phosphate is the substrate of glycogen synthase. (D) The regulation mechanism of glycogen phosphorylase b includes both allosteric control and covalent-modification. (E) Protein kinase C triggers the glycogen breakdown cascade.