61. Enzymes are classified into 7 different major classes. Which enzyme class does the following reaction belong to?
Pyruvate + H⁺ → acetaldehyde + CO₂
(A) Oxidoreductases
(B) Transferases
(C) Hydrolases
(D) Lyases
(E) Ligases

57. Which of the following statements about transport in vascular plants is TRUE? (A) The apoplast consists of everything internal to the plasma membranes of living cells. (B) The symplastic route for water and solutes is from outside cells through cell walls and extracellular spaces. (C) When K+ leaves the guard cells, stomata becomes open. (D) Na+ is typically cotransported rather than H+ for transport of sucrose in plant cells. (E) The movement of fluid in phloem is multidirectional in plants.

58. When an individual is subject to short-term starvation, most available food is used to provide energy (metabolism) rather than building blocks (growth and repair). Which hormone would be particularly active during food shortage? (A) Epinephrine (B) Glucagon (C) Oxytocin (D) Antidiuretic hormone (E) Insulin

59. The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of ______. (A) a voltage-gated sodium channel (B) a voltage-gated potassium channel (C) a ligand-gated sodium channel (D) a second-messenger-gated sodium channel (E) a chemical that inhibits action potential

60. Which statement below about mating behavior is NOT true? (A) Some aspects of courtship behavior may have evolved from agonistic interactions. (B) Courtship interactions ensure that the participating individuals are non-threatening and of the proper species, sex, and physiological condition for mating. (C) The degree to which evolution affects mating relationships depends on the degree of prenatal and postnatal input the parents are required to make. (D) The mating relationship in most mammals is monogamous, to ensure the reproductive success of the pair. (E) Polygamous relationships most often involve a single male and many females, but in some species, this is reversed.

62. Which of the following statements about the enzyme regulation by covalent-modification is NOT true? (A) Phosphorylation means the transfer of phosphate group from ATP to proteins. (B) Adenylylation means the transfer of an adenylate moiety from ATP to proteins. (C) ADP-ribosylation means the transfer of an ADP-ribosyl moiety from ATP to proteins. (D) Acetylation means the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to proteins. (E) Phosphatases can remove phosphate group from proteins.

複選題63. Which of following statements regarding glycogen metabolism is TRUE? (A) Glycogen degradation starts from reducing end to non-reducing end. (B) Amylo-(1,4 → 1,6)-transglycosylase is used in glycogen synthesis. (C) Glucose-1-phosphate is the substrate of glycogen synthase. (D) The regulation mechanism of glycogen phosphorylase b includes both allosteric control and covalent-modification. (E) Protein kinase C triggers the glycogen breakdown cascade.

64. Which of the followings is NOT required for the transportation of NADH from cytosol into mitochondria? (A) malate (B) α-ketoglutarate (C) citrate (D) oxaloacetate (E) aspartate

複選題65. X uses a Y to link cofactor, Z. Which one of the followings is NOT true? (A) X: Pyruvate dehydrogenase； Y: lysine residue； Z: lipoamide (B) X: Aconitase； Y: cysteine residue； Z: iron-sulfur center (C) X: Pyruvate carboxylase； Y: lysine residue； Z: biotin (D) X: Acyl carrier protein； Y: cysteine residue； Z: pantothenate (E) X: Aminotransferase； Y: lysine residue； Z: pyridoxal phosphate

66. Which of following statements is NOT true regarding the lysozyme’s Phillips mechanism? (A) Glu 35 acts as both “general acid” and “general base” catalysis. (B) The active site of lysozyme can take six residues of monosaccharides. (C) The D ring of monosaccharide is distorted into boat form conformation. (D) The oxonium ion transition state is stabilized by Asp 52. (E) The optimal pH of this reaction is between 4 and 6.

67. Enzyme X follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics. As shown in the figure, its value of Vmax and Km can also be obtained by using Eadie-Hofstee plot. The initial reaction rate is v0 with the substrate concentration [S]. What is the intercept on v0/[S] axis?(A) Vmax/Km (B) 1/Km (C) Km (D) Vmax (E) 1/Vmax