58. In gene therapy, ________ can be used as a vector to deliver normal genes directly into the cells of the body.
(A) transposons
(B) mutagens
(C) amniocentesis
(D) bacteria
(E) viruses

54. What is the function of the cilia in the trachea and bronchi? (A) To sweep mucus with trapped particles up and out of the respiratory tract. (B) To increase the surface area for gas exchange. (C) To vibrate when air is exhaled to produce sounds. (D) To dislodge food that may have slipped past the epiglottis. (E) To sweep air into and out of the lungs.

55. Which one of the following statement is correct description about the COVID-19 virus? (A) During COVID-19 virus reproduction, spike glycoproteins are assembled into the virus along with reverse transcriptase. (B) Successful entry of a virus into a cell depends on the inactivation of envelope glycoproteins by host cell proteases. (C) COVID-19 virus replication entails ribosome frameshifting during genome translation, and the synthesis of both genomic and multiple subgenomic RNA species. (D) COVID-19 virus are enveloped DNA viruses that are spherical in shape and characterized by crown-like spikes on the surface. (E) Persons often die of opportunistic diseases because COVID-19 virus destroys T cells.

56. Which one of the following statement about nervous system is correct? (A) Parasympathetic nervous system is activated when the person feels nervous. (B) The hallmark of Parkinson’s disease is the neurofibrillary tangles surrounding amyloid plaques. (C) The occipital lobe plays the role in biological clock regulation. (D) The parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex play the role in comprehending language. (E) The cerebellum helps coordinate motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions.

57. In flowering plant, which one of the following is reflected to be an important plant hormone that helps plants adapt with environmental stresses? (A) Auxin (B) Cytokinin (C) Ethylene (D) Abscisic acid (E) Prostaglandin

59. Female Pheasant-tailed Jacanas (水雉) aggressively court males and, after mating, leave the clutch of young for the male to incubate. This sequence may be repeated several times with different males until no available males remain. Which one of the following term will best describe this behavior? (A) Monogamy (B) Polygyny (C) Polyandry (D) Promiscuity (E) Paternity

60. What is the effective population size (Ne) for a population of Black Bears with 500 males and 300 females? (A) 300 (B) 400 (C) 500 (D) 750 (E) 800

61. If a drug that specifically prevents the interaction of cytochrome c with other proteins is added to respiring mitochondria in a test tube, what effects would be observed? (A) ATP synthesis would be immediately stopped. (B) Oxygen consumption would increase. (C) Reduced cofactors (NADH/FADH2) would be accumulated. (D) Coenzyme Q would be oxidized. (E) Proton export from the matrix would increase.

62. If glucose is labeled with 14C at C-5, which of the following compounds can be found in TCA cycle first? (A) Malate labeled with 14C at C-2. (B) Isocitrate labeled with 14C at C-2. (C) α-Ketoglutarate labeled with 14C at C-5. (D) Citrate labeled with 14C at C-3. (E) Succinyl-CoA labeled with 14C at C-1.

63. Which of the following can not transport proton across mitochondria inner membrane? (A) 2,4-Dinitrophenol (B) Thermogenin (C) ATPase (D) NADH dehydrogenase complex (E) QH2 oxidase

64. Which complex in the electron-transport chain contains copper ions? (A) Complex I (B) Complex II (C) Complex III (D) Complex IV (E) None of these complexes contains copper ions.