7. Adipocytes cannot directly convert glycerol to glycerol-3-phosphate because they lack:
(A) NADH.
(B) ATP.
(C) Glycerol kinase.
(D) Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
(E) Hexokinase.

8. PRPP functions in nucleotide biosynthesis primarily by: (A) Donating nitrogen atoms. (B) Providing high-energy phosphate bonds. (C) Activating ribose for base attachment. (D) Supplying reducing equivalents. (E) Regulating transcription.

9. Which feature distinguishes eukaryotic mRNA from prokaryotic mRNA? (A) Ribosome-binding sites. (B) 5' cap and poly( A ) tail. (C) Direction of translation. (D) Codon usage. (E) Presence of start codons.

10. Sphingomyelin synthesis requires which lipid precursor? (A) Phosphatidic acid. (B) Ceramide. (C) Diacylglycerol. (D) Cholesterol ester. (E) Phosphatidylserine.

11. Fetal hemoglobin binds oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin because: (A) It contains 8-chains. (B) It lacks iron. (C) It interacts weakly with 2,3-BPG. (D) It has higher heme content. (E) It lacks ẞ-chains entirely.

12. Fatty acid synthesis primarily requires which reducing equivalent? (A) NADH. (B) FADH2. (C) NADPH. (D) Coenzyme A. (E) ATP.

13. The primary product of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is:(A) ATP. (B) NADH. (C) NADPН. (D) FADH2. (E) GTP.

14. Which description about transcriptional control of eukaryotic genes is wrong?(A) "Basal expression" occurs at promoter-proximal elements and the promoter. (B) "Regulated expression" occurs at distal regulatory elements. (C) "Regulated expression" is mediated by various signals, including hormones, heat shock, heavy metals, and chemicals. (D) The distal regulatory elements contain enhancer and repressor elements. (E) None of the above descriptions is wrong.

15. Which description about prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA polymerase is correct?(A) The prokaryotic RNA polymerase consists of 7 subunits. (B) The eukaryotic RNA polymerase consists of 10-20 subunits. (C) The prokaryotic RNA polymerase synthesizes monocistronic RNA. (D) Eukaryotic transcription is regulated by one RNA polymerase. (E) The eukaryotic RNA polymerase synthesizes polycistronic RNA.

16. Which of the descriptions below about RNA is correct?(A) The most abundant RNA in cells is mRNA. (B) rRNA is one component of the ribosome. (C) tRNA serves as the template for protein synthesis. (D) mRNA transfers an amino acid to a growing peptide chain during protein synthesis. (E) tRNA is a protein-coding RNA.

17. The core enzyme of E. coli RNA polymerase is composed of a2BB'ω subunit. To form an E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme, which subunit is assembled to the core enzyme?  (A) x (B) μ (C) η(D) σ (E) к

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