7. Please choose the correct answers for the summary of land plant phylogeny.  

(A) a. monocots b. dicots c. mosses d. lycophytes
(B) a. dicots t b. monocots c. lycophytes d. mosses
(C) a. monocots b. dicots c. lycophytes d. mosses
(D) a. dicots t b. monocots c mosses d. lycophytes
(E) a. lycophytes b. monocots c dicots d. mosses

3. Which of the following statements about polyploidy is NOT correct? (A) It is the heritable condition of possessing more than two complete sets of chromosomes (B) It is rare among plants but common among certain groups of fish and amphibians. (C) Allopolyploids rise due to the hybridization of two distinct species. (D) Higher vertebrates do not appear to tolerate polyploidy very well. (E) Heterosis and gene redundancy are advantages of polyploidy.

4. Which of the following descriptions of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is NOT correct? (A) HGT is the movement of genetic information between organisms. (B) HGT includes the spread of antibiotic-resistance genes among bacteria. (C) HGT involves the replacement of existing genes with incoming DNA or RNA or the introduction of new genes into a genome. (D) HGT is a key evolutionary driver capable of facilitating host manipulation and viral resistance. (E) Bacterial HGT occurs by transformation and conjugation but not transduction.

5. Which description of the primary walls of plant cells is NOT correct? (A) They are formed by growing cells. (B) They are usually relatively unspecialized. (C) They are similar in molecular architecture in all cell types. (D) They are the cell plates first formed during cytokinesis (E) They have relatively low cellulose content.

6. The Curcuma genus (薑黃屬) has a long history of medicinal applications. Which description of 薑黃素(curcumin) is NOT correct?  (A) It is extracted from Curcuma's stolons, which are plant stems growing at the soil surface. (B) It is a natural polyphenol. (C) It is an orange-yellow dye that is practically insoluble in water. (D) It is used in dairy products, beverages, cereals, mustard, and food concentrates. (E) It has antioxidant activity by scavenging a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS).

8. Which of the following descriptions about coenzyme Q is NOT correct? (A) It is also known as ubiquinone that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (B) It is involved in the electron transport chain located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. (C) In human mitochondria, the most common coenzyme Q form is coenzyme . (D) It is sold as a dietary supplement but most healthy people have enough coenzyme naturally.  (E) The capacity of this molecule acts as a one-electron carrier moving between the fully oxidized to the fully reduced states.

9. Which of the following descriptions about Candida albicans is NOT correct? (A) It is a polymorphic fungus. (B) It is a member of the healthy microbiota. (C) It is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that exists as a harmless commensal in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. (D) It can form biofilms on solid surfaces such as dental enamel and human heart valves. (E) It never causes severe, life-threatening bloodstream infections.

10. Artemisinin, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Artemisia annua, is an active ingredient to treat malaria. Which of the following descriptions is NOT correct? (A) Malaria is caused by Plasmodium sp. that proliferate in female Anopheles mosquitoes (B) Artemisinin originates from A. annua, a Chinese medicinal plant (Qinghao), commonly known as sweet wormwood. NT (C) Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone with a unique endoperoxide structure that is mainly chemically synthesized for global supply. (D) Plant tissue culture has been investigated to establish a production of artemisinin. (E) Artemisinin can be produced heterologously in the plants Nicotiana benthamiana.

11. What is NOT correct about testosterone? (A) Binding to the androgen receptor. (B) Expressed in both sexes. (C) Affecting male aggression and reproduction. (D) Released from the testes and pituitary gland. (E) Acting as a precursor of estrogen.

12. In animal physiology, when differentiating between roundworms, annelids, and snakes, which characteristics could you use? (A) Radial symmetry and dorsal nerve cord. (B) Radial symmetry and worm-like body shape. (C) Segmentation and dorsal nerve tube. (D) Segmentation and bilateral symmetry. (E) Pseudocoelom and ventral nerve cord.

13. Which of the following is not a result of sexual selection? (A) Sexual dimorphism. (B) Infanticide. (C) Male competition. (D) Altruism. (E) Female choice.