78. What acts as the nucleophile in the mechanism of nucleotide addition by RNA polymerase?
(A) The 5' phosphate of an incoming nucleotide
(B) A water molecule
(C) A 5' hydroxyl of the template DNA
(D) A 3' hydroxyl from the RNA being extended
(E) An aspartate in the active site

29. Which of the following is false regarding the oxidation of 1 mole of palmitate (16:0) by the β-oxidation pathway? (A) 1 mole of ATP is needed. (B) 8 moles of acetyl-CoA are formed. (C) 8 moles of FADH2 are formed. (D) AMP and PPi are formed. (E) The reactions occur in the mitochondria.

30. What is the source of the polar head group in the formation of sphingomyelin? (A) CDP-choline (B) Phosphocholine (C) Cardiolipin (D) Phosphoserine (E) Phosphatidylcholine

31. Which one of the following is one kind of interspecific interaction along a food chain? (A) Competition (B) Predation (C) Parasitism (D) Mutualism (E) Positive interaction

32. Which sequence of structures through which water passes into a root is correct? (A) Guard cell, endodermis, cortex, xylem (B) Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, xylem (C) Root hair, cortex, xylem, endodermis (D) Root hair, xylem, endodermis, phloem (E) Root hair, endodermis, cortex, xylem

33. Which one of the following is most likely to produce an Taiwanese butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns? (A) Artificial selection (B) Directional selection (C) Stabilizing selection (D) Disruptive selection (E) Sexual selection

34. The plant growth response to touch is known as ________. (A) gravitropism (B) geotropism (C) thigmotropism (D) phototropism (E) circadian rhythm

35. Which one of the following is mismatched with its function? (A) Most B vitamins vs coenzymes (B) Vitamin E vs antioxidant (C) Vitamin K vs blood clotting (D) Phosphorus vs bone formation, nucleotide synthesis (E) Iron vs component of thyroid hormones

36. If blood was supplied to all of the body's capillaries at the same time, ________. (A) resistance to blood flow would increase (B) blood pressure would fall dramatically (C) blood would move too rapidly through the capillaries (D) the amount of blood returning to the heart would increase (E) the increased gas exchange in the lungs and in the supply of O2 to muscles would allow for strenuous exercise

37. Which one of the following will control the activity of the others mentioned below? (A) Thyroid gland (B) Pituitary gland (C) Adrenal cortex (D) Ovary (E) Hypothalamus

38. Some human males have three sex chromosomes (XXY) and suffer from a genetic disease known as Klinefelter’s syndrome. The symptoms include a failure to develop sexually and an impairment of intelligence. This is an example of a disease of ________. (A) point mutation (B) karyotype (C) homeostasis (D) bacterial origin (E) old age

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