85. Which of the following is an ongoing trend in the evolution of land plants?
(A) decrease in the size of the leaf
(B) reduction of the gametophyte phase of the life cycle
(C) elimination of sperm cells or sperm nuclei
(D) increasing reliance on water to bring sperm and egg together
(E) replacement of roots by rhizoids

81. The strongest evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic organelles is the similarity between extant prokaryotes and which of the following? (A) nuclei and chloroplasts (B) mitochondria and chloroplasts (C) cilia and mitochondria (D) mitochondria and nuclei (E) mitochondria and cilia.

82. Which process allows nucleomorphs to be first reduced, and then lost altogether, without the loss of any genetic information from the host cell that ultimately surrounds the nucleomorph? (A) conjugation (B) horizontal gene transfer (C) binary fission (D) phagocytosis (E) meiosis

83. A researcher wants to develop an assay (test) that will distinguish charophyceans and land plants from chlorophyte green algae. Which of the following chemicals would be the best subject for such an assay? (A) chlorophyll b-an accessory photosynthetic pigment (B) carotenoids-a class of accessory photosynthetic pigments (C) amylopectin-a starch-like food storage material (D) glycolate oxidase-an enzyme of peroxisomes that is associated with photorespiration (E) flavonoids-a class of phenolic compounds that is often associated with chemical signaling

84. Which of the following characteristics, if observed in an unidentified green organism, would make it unlikely to be a charophycean? (A) phragmoplast (B) peroxisome (C) apical meristem (D) chlorophylls a and b (E) rosette cellulose-synthesizing complex

86. In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics are unique to the seed-producing plants? (A) a haploid gametophyte retained within tissues of the diploid sporophyte (B) lignin present in cell walls (C) pollen (D) A and C only (E) A, B, and C

87. If all saprobic fungi in an environment were to suddenly die, which group of organisms should benefit as a whole? (A) plants (B) protists (C) prokaryotes (D) animals (E) mutualistic fungi

88. In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae? (A) chitinous layers in cell walls (B) pores in septal walls (C) complex microtubular cytoskeletons (D) two nuclei (E) tight junctions that form in septal walls between cells

89. Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition (A) from organic matter. (B) by preying on animals. (C) by ingesting it. (D) by consuming living, rather than dead, prey. (E) by using enzymes to digest their food.

90. The number of legs an insect has, or the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by _____ genes. (A) haploid (B) introns within (C) heterotic (D) heterogeneous (E) Hox

複選題91. Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among fossils of the Ediacaran fauna? (A) true tissues (B) mineralized hard parts (C) bilateral symmetry (D) cephalization (E) embryos