⑵初期檢驗

⑶海事留置權

⑷海損理算師

⑸實際全損

⑴ The ‘crew negligence’ and ‘faulty navigation’ are both long standing and acceptable defences acknowledged by the courts. On the other hand, lack of due diligence on the part of owners is not.

⑵ Cargo claims as between the Owners and the Time Charterers shall be settled in accordance with the Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement of February 1970, as amended May 1984, or any subsequent modification or replacement thereof.

四、一般 P&I Clubs 承擔的責任為何（請列舉五項）？（20 分）

一、SURVEY REPORT OF CORRECTING THE DRAFT The surveyor has read six drafts-forward, aft and midships on both sides. These must be reduced to a single correct mean draft with which to enter the displacement tables. The reduction involves correcting for the effects of list, trim and hull deformation. If the ship was perfectly upright, on an even keel and not bent at all, then all six drafts would be the same. This draft would be the one to use. It never happens like that in practice. （20 分）

二、PRE-SHIPMENT SURVEYS Pre-shipment surveys are inspections of the cargo or the compartment where it will be stowed before loading. The intention of the survey will vary depending on who calls for it. Shipowners and their P&I clubs will call for pre-shipment surveys where they know that large cargo claims are likely to arise. The intention of the survey is then to make sure that the exact condition of the cargo on loading is specified on the bills of lading, and that due care has been taken in preparing the ship for the cargo. They can then more easily refute damage claims. Underwriters for the cargo may call for a warranty survey when high value cargo is to be shipped.（20 分）

三、HULL INSPECTION The surveyor should inspect all accessible parts of the hull and if he has any doubts about the sections he cannot reach, he should arrange for a ladder or a mechanical hoist so that these areas can be properly inspected. If the vessel is over ten years old, it may also be beneficial to do ultra sound thickness tests on portions of the deck to verify the plate thickness. Areas that should be inspected include: a. External and internal shell plating (where visible) b. Decks, deck houses, superstructures and bulwarks/rails c. Hatch coaming, hatches (including seals and securing devices) d. Hold ladders, gangways and catwalks e. Hold and deck lighting f. All pipes (above and below deck) g. Ventilators, manholes and watertight doors h. All holds/cargo tanks paying particular attention to beams and frames, bulkheads i. Tanktops j. Bilges and bilge suctions k. Double bottoms and peak tanks （20 分）

四、CARGO SURVEY Bulk cargoes must usually be sampled before loading. This may be for quality control, for ascertaining moisture content or for checking temperature. Sampling procedures tend to vary according to the practice of the port or terminal. Internationally accepted standards are laid down in British standards and in the IMO Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes.（20 分）

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