3.概化詞組結構語法(GeneralizedPhrsetctureGrammar簡稱GPSG)詞彙功能語法 (Lexical-Functional Grammar,簡稱LFC),這兩個理論並非不關心解釋上的妥善性,並非不求納出 宇化文法(Universal Grammar)這兩個理論的立場是不願為了宇化文法而偏廢了對實際語言現象,語 法的數理性質,及人類心智裡處理語言過程種種研究。他們要求語言學研究由各別的理論中認為比 較基本緊要的面項著手,認為這些研究自然會導出語法中的共通性(universality)來·

(Huang,Chu-Ren.1988.再析語「领屬主語」結構一概化詞組結語法與詞 能法比較研究(Possessive Subjects Revisited -- A Comparative Study of GPSG and LFG.)漢學研究Sinology Studies. 6.2.143-168)

1.The goal of this study is to examine (1) whether and how the FO contour of a sequence of neutral tones in Standard Mandarin is affected by the following full tone due to anticipatory tonal coarticulation, (2) whether and how the degree of anticipatory tonal coarticulation varies as a function of the strength of an intervening boundary, and(3) whether boundary-conditioned anticipatory tonal coarticulatory variations can be accounted for by boundary-induced durational changes. (https:// reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/ pii/S0095447020301091?token=1E3FEE161C8C2B0IAD56AD831 4EBFAA725051AEB7F7655E4273C6D09EC2AF8F88BSFB98465FF7CA2FBS79E557E02387D) 

2.The article considers the relationship between (dis)preferred actions and (im)politeness. While both (im)politeness and preference organization share the characteristics of normativity and markedness the relationship between the two has not been discussed at length to date. Attempting to show that the linkage between politeness as social practice and preference organization pertains both to turn design and the position of an action, my analysis will focus on responsive actions to requests and offers.   (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pi/S0378216620301697) 

4.本研究採構式語法(constructiongrammar分析四字格成語於語法語義及語用層面的習語性和規律性,以一X#Y」(#、表數字)的四字格式為主要關注,聚焦分析三個類型頻率(type frequency)最高的具體形式「一X一Y、「一X二 Y」和「一X千Y」並探討構式成語的 語法功能·此外,本文除了從隱喻延伸(metaphorical extension)的角度來梳理嵌入成語構式的雙字 詞和構式之間的互動關係外,也將探討不同構式之間互動的可能性· (劉德架,呂佳卷,紫宜妮.&蘇以文.(2019)四宇格成語的習語性和规律性---以(一X#Y」為例.清華事報,49(4)。 683-719.)

二、中翻英 (50%)Translate the highlighted text into English(Source: https://www.thenewslens.com/feature/sea/112660, 297 + 266 characters).【東南亞電商】年輕人、女人與穆斯林:不只是紫海,更是新世界東南亞的「她」經濟:姐不只在網購,也在交朋友2019/01/29對你來說,網購的優勢是什麼呢?是方便、快速,還是更容易比價?對印尼、馬來西亞和泰國的女性而言,網購不只是純粹的交易買賣,更是一場情感交流。就像走進熟悉的雜貨店,與老闆聊聊天,然後「順便」買把蔥、帶包米,她們將真實世界裡的閒話家常帶進電商時代,愈互動、愈買單。「她」經濟崛起,姐的時代來臨東南亞的「她」經濟正在崛起,姐的時代即將來臨。綜觀全球市場,女性消費者都是電商發展的關鍵驅動力之一;當「她」經濟愈明顯,也代表該市場愈成熟。根據新加坡網路巨擘印馬泰線上消費行為關鍵洞察報告,印、馬、泰三國的女性已經成為消費主力,女性用戶佔比超過一半,訂單量也比男性平均多出20~40%;即便是在3C產品等傳統印象中被認為非女性主導的品項,女性仍是消費主力,花得也比男性還多。相較於男性消費者、印、馬、泰的女性更願意在電商平台上與賣家聊天、互動,她們不只在網購,也在交朋友;她們投入更多、買的也更多。相較過去,這樣的消費行為涵蓋了更高的娛樂、社群成分。Santitarn Sathirathai 指出,目前實體零售領域興起的大型購物中心趨勢,正反映人類消費行為的轉變。如果只是單純購物,多數人可能會直接去超市;但隨著「購物」行為逐漸涵蓋愈來愈多面向,愈來愈多人去購物中心時,不只要買東西,也要去電影院體驗娛樂、逛逛商場最新時尚。這樣的轉變在電子商務領域也愈來愈明顯,Santitarn Sathirathai 將之稱為「購物為樂」(Shopfor fun),代表的意義是:網購不再只是買東西,電商業者得更重視消費者的體驗、參與和互動。UGC 用戶原創內容,愈互動、愈買單但真實世界裡的社交體驗該如何搬到網路上,好讓用戶愈互動、愈買單呢?「購物為樂」趨勢下,Sea集團旗下的電子商務平台蝦皮購物(Shopee)透過三種行銷模式發展用戶原創內容(UGC)驅動的電商平台,分別為「客製化」、「遊戲化」與「即時聊聊」。在客製化方面，蝦皮購物結合資料科學和人工智慧技術，為不同消費者策劃符合他們興趣、喜好的商品展示頁面，讓他們瀏覽平台時就像在逛一個量身打造的商場。客製化除了考量個人需求，也得納入不同市場、文化的特定偏好，例如：台灣商品在華人居多的馬來西亞和新加坡等市場深受歡迎，因此蝦皮購物特地在這兩大市場為台灣商品建立專屬標籤，讓當地消費者可以更容易買到台灣商品。遊戲化方面，蝦皮購物借重 Sea 集團在遊戲領域起家（即目前旗下知名線上遊戲平台 Garena）的強勢基因，大力在平台發展遊戲化設計，讓消費者在平台留愈久、花愈多，愈買愈 High。「蝦搖一波」（Shopee Shake）活動就是其中一項遊戲化設計，消費者必須在一天中指定時間內，藉由搖動手機來獲得蝦幣或其他獎品，該活動在去年雙12促銷節慶中大獲成功，東南亞地區消費者總計一共搖了 4,600 萬次。而最新推出、同樣得在一天中指定時間內答題的「蝦皮金頭腦」（Shopee Quiz）節目，也在雙12期間深受歡迎，總共吸引 1,100 萬名用戶參與。儘管新客人人愛，但「留住老顧客」更是商場首要經營之道；換句話說，老主顧不只愛買，還愈買愈多，而蝦皮特有的「聊聊」功能，就是留住老主顧的關鍵。(297字)原來，「嫌貨才是買貨人」的道理也在電商世界通用。衣服穿起來時，背影看起來美不美？食品可不可以給嬰兒吃？這雙鞋能不能走遠路？這個色號的粉餅，深膚色可以擦嗎？配件該怎麼搭才好看？這些看似聊天又像提問的種種疑問，代表他們對商品有高度興趣，因此問題愈多、興趣愈高。蝦皮的「聊聊」就是抓住這一點，讓買賣雙方互動更直接，顧客的各種疑問、需求都可以得到賣方的即時回應，大幅提升消費體驗。在泰國，每天在聊聊上傳超過 85 則訊息的重度用戶，就有超過一半是女生。服務力就是戰力，全面體驗時代到臨從「她」經濟崛起，到用戶驅動的社群互動模式，可以看到印、馬、泰三國不將電商當成純粹的交易行為，而更像是一場娛樂的體驗、情感的交流。因此，台灣業者前進東南亞市場時，將面對一個「全面體驗」時代，「服務力」也將成為這場競爭中的主戰力。「產品好只是基礎，商家更得提供優質服務；技術應用也不能一頭熱追逐時下潮流，要以滿足顧客需求為出發點。」Santitarn Sathirathai 認為，在全面體驗時代，商家除了追求商品品質，也得確保訂單退貨後的購物體驗完善，才能發展持久、持續的商機；應用新技術時，也要讓科技有助於顧客更輕鬆、快速地解決購物上的問題，而不是一味追求新技術的酷炫。(266字) 至於用戶原創內容，不只能創造互動，更是讓服務力更上一層樓的關鍵。不管是評論時下熱門產品的影音頻道、激勵人心的賣家故事影片抑或商品頁面裡的評分與留言，每一位買家留下的足跡，都是讓賣家可以更進一步靠近用戶、理解用戶並提升服務力的最佳管道。因為，她們不只在網購，也在交朋友；她們愈互動、愈投入，就愈買單。END

二、中翻英Translate the highlighted text into English(Source: https://udn.com/news/story/11091/2967761?from=udn-catehotnews_ch2, 469 characters).2018-02-04 21:33聯合報記者董俞佳/即時報導入冬最強寒流持續發威,明後天會更冷,面對低溫挑戰,農、漁民無不膽顫心驚,但是農委會今天早上卻還在舉辦記者會「慶豐收」。不論是前陣子才剛有的寒害,還是去年熱到畸變的文蛤,再到之前風災受創嚴重,現在仍未完全復原的釋迦產業,農民的損失不是一點小利,而是好幾年心血。再回到消費者,之前無風無雨菜價也會飆漲的這個狀態,再比照今天農委會主委林聰賢所說的話:「去年只有一個颱風過境台灣,農作產物持續豐收且價格平順」,外界只想問:「哈囉~我們在同一個時空嗎?」也難怪外界批評政府只會在象牙塔說空話。這波寒流來勢洶洶,前兩天不是最冷,未來兩天才是最低溫,農民無不擔憂寒害所帶來的衝擊。北台灣蔬菜區面臨連日來的低溫、降雨,已經有損傷狀態,還要再經歷未來兩天的摧殘,農民已經抱持悲觀心情。漁業方面,經歷霸王級寒流損失慘重的養殖漁民,此次雖然努力做防寒措施,但是農業本質為看天吃飯」,未來兩天低溫會帶來怎麼樣的損失,不僅農糧署甚至是農民本身都還是未知數。在這波寒害數字不明的狀況之下,農委會今天卻能發出新聞稿很有自信地表示,會穩定調配蔬果供貨量,穩定需求價格,但是對於目前寒害所掌握的狀況,相關單位卻都說還沒回報,還要掌握,也讓外界覺得奇怪,現在這些調配數字是如何計算出來。」此外,對於消費者來說,關乎民眾荷包的國產農、漁產品價格平穩是最重要,可是,去年一整年雖然如林聰賢所說,只有一個颱風,可說風調雨順,但是價格絕非一直都是平易近人。舉去年底為例,去年10月左右,就多次被消費者質疑無風無雨、菜價卻飆漲的狀況,當時中南部都傳出一把空心菜喊價45元、半顆高麗菜要100元,這樣也算是價格平穩嗎?聽在什麼都漲、只有薪水不漲的小市民耳中,恐怕會白眼翻上天。

2. 台灣高雄市於 Lonely Planet的2018年全球前十佳旅遊都市排名第五,以下文字節選自該專欄。請依其文類及語域譯為適當中文。(共108字)A massive arts centre and 100,000 sq m cultural and music complex, complete with wave-lapped walkways and a night market, is emerging on Kaohsiung's balmy harbourfront - Taiwan's showcase for experimental architecture from around the world. Adding to this will be a spectacular cruise terminal, for those favouring an Odyssean approach to the port city. A sleek light-rail system links these monuments to the rest of Kaohsiung. Further north, in Xiaogang Shan Recreation Area, hikers can view the Taiwan Strait from the new 88m 'Eye of the Mountain' skywalk, a reminder that water is ever-present. Kaohsiung is surging with possibilities: visit before the world gets wind of it.詞彙: Xiaogang Shan Recreation Area 小崗山遊憩區； Eye of the Mountain 崗山之眼

一、英翻中1. 以下文字節選自投資經理人Bill Gross 的每月投資展望文章〈Bonds, Men, It's About Time〉,請依其語域(register)譯為適當中文。(待譯部分共211字)Women have gotten the short stick or metaphorically the short rib ever since Eve, and I'm with Oprah for president and much, much more but hey, guys have got a few positive qualities that need to be mentioned. I mean when basketball players miss a free throw these days, they still get "low fives" from all their teammates. So here are a few low fives for men, men, men.1. Men need fewer pairs of shoes and purses.2. Men live 10 years less on average.3. They truly are the weaker sex. Feel sorry for 'em ladies, not angry.4. Men shouldn't be criticized for not putting the toilet seat down. If they need to put it down, they will. If women do too, they can use their foot just like everyone else. Men run faster, jump higher and are much better at not communicating.5. Sure men start wars but great things actually are a result of them. Canned foods owe their origin to Napoleon, microwave ovens to the invention of radar during WWII, and the Internet (not Al Gore) to the fear of Russia bombing U.S. telephone lines during the Cold War. Way to go guys. Keep starting those wars.6. Men always know where the remote control is. Right next to them.[本小題以下段落僅供語氣參考,無須翻譯。]I could go on and on. I won't. I don't dare. Actually most of the world's problems would go away if men just stayed home, watched football and learned to talk to their partners during commercial breaks. There are certainly enough of them.Bonds, like men, are in a bear market. For both, it's hard to say when it all began. There was no Helen Reddy "I Am Woman" moment back in June 2012, and then again in July 2016 when the 10 year Treasury double-bottomed at 1.45%, but then in retrospect it should have been obvious that for bonds, like men "their time was up".

二、中翻英 (50%)Translate the highlighted text into English(Source: https://www.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0001020, 503 characters).端午節端午節與春節、中秋節並稱三大節日,因其由來和習俗,幾乎都和紀念戰國時期楚國詩人-屈原有關,故民間又稱「詩人節」。端午節最普遍的習俗為「划龍舟」和「吃粽子」。據說早年屈原投江而死,人們為搜救他,紛紛駕舟楫在江面來回找尋,此後逐漸演變成龍舟競渡。時至今日,划龍舟已是一項遍及海內外的觀光活動,全臺北、中、南各地(如臺北新店碧潭及基隆河、宜蘭縣冬山河及礁溪鄉二龍村、彰化鹿港鎮、高雄市愛河等),每年均有大型龍舟競賽,近年還擴大舉辦國際邀請賽,邀請國外朋友共襄盛舉。包粽子習俗是為防屈原身軀被魚蝦啃蝕,人們於是在竹葉中裝進米食投入江中餵食江魚,傳承至今,即演變成一項普遍習俗。除此之外,另有各種舊習俗在民間廣為流傳,如在門上懸掛艾草、菖蒲、榕枝等,藉以驅避蚊蟲;懸掛鍾馗畫像、佩帶香包及飲雄黃酒還等以保平安。中元節農曆 7 月俗稱「鬼月」,在傳統習俗中,從農曆 7 月 1 日凌晨起地府鬼門開到農曆 7 月 29 日鬼門關的這段期間,民間為祈求消災解厄、諸事順利平安,各地均舉辦大大小小的祭典,尤以 7 月 15 日中元節這一天達到祭典的最高潮。其中如基隆市政府舉辦的「雞籠中元祭」、宜蘭縣頭城及屏東縣恆春的搶孤,都是中元節重要的傳統習俗。END

2. 摘錄自“January 2020 Global Economic Prospects: Slow growth, policy challenges”(標題和灰底部分無需翻譯) (127 words)Source:https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/01/08/january-2020-global-economic-prospects-slow-growth-policy-challengesFollowing its weakest performance since the global financial crisis, the world economy is poised for a modest rebound this year- if everything goes just right.Hanging over this lethargic recovery are two other trends that raise questions about the course of economic growth: the unprecedented run up in debt worldwide, and the prolonged deceleration of productivity growth, which needs to pick up to bolster standards of living and poverty eradication.Global growth is set to rise by 2.5% this year, a small uptick from 2.4% in 2019, as trade and investment gradually recover, the World Bank's semi-annual Global Economic Prospects forecasts. Advanced economies are expected to slow as a group to 1.4% from 1.6%, mainly reflecting lingering weakness in manufacturing.Emerging market and developing economies will see growth accelerate to 4.1% from 3.5% last year. However, the pickup is anticipated to come largely from a small number of large emerging economies shaking off economic doldrums or stabilizing after recession or turbulence. For many other economies, growth is on track to decelerate as exports and investment remain weak.

一、英翻中 (50%)1. 摘錄自“World experts and funders set priorities for COVID-19 research” (標題無需翻譯)(180 words)Source:https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/12-02-2020-world-experts-and-funders-set-priorities-for-covid-19-researchLeading health experts from around the world have been meeting at the World Health Organization's Geneva headquarters to assess the current level of knowledge about the new COVID-19 disease(新冠肺炎), identify gaps and work together to accelerate and fund priority research needed to help stop this outbreak and prepare for any future outbreaks.The 2-day forum was convened in line with the WHO R&D Blueprint - a strategy for developing drugs and vaccines before epidemics, and accelerating research and development while they are occurring."This outbreak is a test of solidarity -- political, financial and scientific. We need to come together to fight a common enemy that does not respect borders, ensure that we have the resources necessary to bring this outbreak to an end and bring our best science to the forefront to find shared answers to shared problems. Research is an integral part of the outbreak response," said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (譚德賽). “I appreciate the positive response of the research community to join us at short notice and come up with concrete plans and commitment to work together."

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