33. Using the figure on right, what is the first bond broken in the base excision repair process?

34. The E. coli chromosome contains 4,639,221 base pairs. How long would it take to replicate the E. coli chromosome at 37 °C if two replication forks proceed from the origin? Assume replication occurs at a rate of 1,000 base pairs per second. Under some conditions E. coli cells can divide every 20 min. How might this be possible?