7. While the plasma membrane is a dynamic fluid, its lipid composition is highly asymmetrical. Discuss the physiological significance of Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its phosphorylated derivatives being sequestered specifically in the inner (cytoplasmic) leaflet ofthe membrane bilayer. In your answer, explain how this localization facilitates the PLC-mediated signaling pathway and analyze the consequences for cellular signaling if this asymmetry were lost.

1. Mutations in the coding sequence of a gene can lead to amino acid substitutions in the resulting protein. Explain how such mutations could cause a loss or alteration of protein function. (簡答題)

 A. intrinsically disordered protein

B. mixed B-sheet

C. Lineweaver-Burk plot

D. allosteric enzyme

3. Describe an experimental approach to determine both the maximum velocity Vmax and the Michaelis constant (Km) of an enzyme. What type of data would you collect, and how would you analyze the data to obtain the Vmax and Km values? (簡答題)

4. In biochemistry, the non-protein components required for enzymatic activity are collectively known as cofactors. Without these components, the protein part of the enzyme (called the apoenzyme) is catalytically inactive. The classification of these components is generally broken down into three main categories based on their chemical nature and the strength of their bond to the enzyme. What are these three categories of non-protein components? Give one example to each category.

5. Explain how the urea cycle is metabolically connected to the Citric Acid (TCA) cycle. Identify the specific intermediate produced in the cytosol that serves as this link and describe its fate.

6. The urea cycle occurs in two different cellular compartments of the hepatocyte. Name these compartments, identify which enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step, and name the essential allosteric activator required for that enzyme's function.

34. The E. coli chromosome contains 4,639,221 base pairs. How long would it take to replicate the E. coli chromosome at 37 °C if two replication forks proceed from the origin? Assume replication occurs at a rate of 1,000 base pairs per second. Under some conditions E. coli cells can divide every 20 min. How might this be possible? 

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