d)

4. 請試著說明費德勒權變模型(Fiedler contingency model)？8 分

a)

b)

c)

2. Design a synthesis of Compound G from Compound F (more than one step is required)? (4%)

(a)

(b)

1. 現在學生在學習語言時，會更喜歡使用數位設備，主要是因為有像語音識別和互動多媒體練習等工具。

2. 透過應用程式和線上平台，教師可以讓學習個人化，將學生從被動接受者轉變為主動學習者，並實現更深入的語言沈浸。

IV. Making a cloze test (20%) Rewrite the following article (508 words) into a passage in 150~200 words with 5 cloze questions. Each question should contain four options (A~D), with the correct answer provided.        According to an annual global report, if you’re after mental wellbeing and a flourishing life, you should pay attention to those who live in the Dominican Republic, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Panama. These countries have topped the list of destinations with the best mental health in the fourth Annual Mental State of the World Report—a study by Sapien Labs that measures mental wellbeing.       The report assigned 71 countries a mental wellbeing metric according to a comprehensive survey of cognitive and emotional capabilities, of which more than 500,000 responses were collected. After analyzing the results, Sapien Labs found certain continents tended to score more highly than others. “Several African and Latin American countries topped the country rankings, while wealthier countries of the core Anglosphere, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, are towards the bottom,” the report stated.        This isn’t the first time this split has been observable either, as previous years’ reports have had similar results. “This pattern suggests that greater wealth and economic development do not necessarily lead to greater mental wellbeing,” the report continued.        During the pandemic, the phrase “languishing” became popular as a way to describe the world’s general malaise. The opposite of this is “flourishing”, which describes not only having no mental illnesses but positive mental health. So, why are African and Latin American countries flourishing relative to Anglo-Saxon countries? The answer, according to Sapien Labs, is because internet-enabled populations in wealthy countries are also likely to have youth on smartphones, ultra-processed food and weak social ties; three factors that have been linked to poor mental health.        Science has long proven the correlation between happiness, mental wellbeing and community. “Social connectedness is a key driver of wellbeing and resilience,” states the Ministry of Social Development website. “Socially well-connected people and communities are happier and healthier, and are better able to take charge of their lives and find solutions to the problems they are facing.”        According to Sapien Labs, adults’ risk of mental health challenges is four times lower if you have close family relationships - but wealthier countries were least likely to say they were close with many adult family members, at just 23 percent. Similarly, there is a strong body of research on the impact of processed food and a growing number of studies around technology use. “We found that over half of those who eat ultra-processed food daily are distressed or struggling with their mental wellbeing, compared to just 18 percent of those who rarely or never consume ultra-processed food,” the report stated. This is almost a three-fold increase.        Meanwhile, a sample of almost 28,000 survey respondents found that 18- to 24-year-olds’ mental health was strongly impacted by how young they were when they got their first smartphone. “In countries that are generally at the top of the list in this report, and less developed countries in general, the average age that young people first own a smartphone is typically older,” the report stated. In SubSaharan Africa, it’s 16 years old, 14-15 in Latin America and 11 in the core Anglosphere.