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- 34. The E. coli chromosome contains 4,639,221 base pairs. How long would it take to replicate the E. coli chromosome at 37 °C if two replication forks proceed from the origin? Assume replication occurs at a rate of 1,000 base pairs per second. Under some conditions E. coli cells can divide every 20 min. How might this be possible? (5%)
- 33. Using the figure on right, what is the first bond broken in the base excision repair process? (2%) (圖表請見試卷)
- 32. In Figure below, the bacterial activator protein CAP and the Lac repressor have been placed in the four possible combinations on their binding sites in the promoter for the Lac operon. Each combination of gene regulatory proteins corresponds to a particular mixture of glucose and lactose. For each of the four combinations, indicate on the left-hand side of the figure which sugars (glucose or lactose) must be present (or absent) and, on the right-hand side, whether the operon is expected to be turned ON or OFF. (6%) (圖表請見試卷)
- 26. Which of the following statements is NOT true about phosphorylation? (4%)
(A) Phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification.
(B) Phosphorylation always leads to a change in protein conformation and a decrease in protein charge.
(C) Phosphorylation typically involves the addition of a phosphate group to a serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue.
(D) Phosphorylation always leads to protein activation. - 25. Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of signal transduction across the cell membrane? (4%)
(A) Ion channel-linked receptors
(B) G-protein coupled receptors
(C) Enzyme-linked receptors
(D) Nuclear receptors - 24. In adipose tissue, what is the primary source of glycerol 3-phosphate for triacylglycerol synthesis? (2%)
(A) Direct phosphorylation of glycerol by glycerol kinase
(B) Reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which originates from glycolysis
(C) Degradation of phospholipids
(D) Conversion of glucose to glycerol 3-phosphate via the pentose phosphate pathway
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