1. The formation of new species occurred in populations that are geographically isolated from one another is ______.
(A) peripatric speciation
(B) sympatric speciation
(C) allopatric speciation
(D) parapatric speciation
(E) artificial speciation

37 甲小姐在某次跑步時突然經歷心跳加速、呼吸困難、昏厥等身體不舒服現象，之後只要身體一些輕微症 狀就感到極度焦慮，最終發展為恐慌症，此現象符合恐慌症的那一項心理病理學之概念？ (A)內感性制約（interoceptive conditioning） (B)制約性情緒反應（conditioned emotional reactions） (C)負增強（negative reinforcement） (D)操作制約（operant conditioning）

38 在發展中，男女性別的差異在外化性問題上，從何時開始就顯現出來？ (A)學前期 (B)學齡期 (C)青少年前期 (D)青少年後期

39 針對社交焦慮症（social phobia），以素質－壓力模式解釋時，其病理因素最可能為下列何者？ (A)大腦藍斑（locus ceruleus）分泌異常加上失去所愛的人 (B)染色體第 20 對異常加上兒時受虐經驗 (C) 5-HT 分泌過多加上考試失敗 (D)行為抑制（behavioral inhibition）加上負向人際經驗

40 小英從小就覺得自己樣樣不如人、沒有人會多看自己一眼、未來很灰暗，小英這些想法屬於精神疾病「素 質－壓力模式（diathesis-stress paradigm）」中的何種成分？ (A)基因素質（genetic diathesis） (B)心理素質（psychological diathesis） (C)人際壓力 (D)文化壓力

2. If a species contains 23% adenine in its genome, what is the percentage of guanine it would contain? (A) 23% (B) 46% (C) 25% (D) 44% (E) 27%

3. Several butterfly species that are edible to birds have very similar color patterns to the generally inedible Monarch butterfly. This is best described as an example of ______. (A) Batesian mimicry (B) Müllerian mimicry (C) crypsis (D) aposematic coloration (E) subterfuge

4. Which description about the status of action potential of voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels is FALSE? (A) resting state: both Na+ and K+ channels close (B) depolarization: some Na+ channels open and K+ channels close (C) rising phase of action potential: both Na+ and K+ channels open (D) falling phase of action potential: Na+ channels close and K+ channels open (E) None of the above

5. In vertebrates with four-chambered hearts, the ______ receives oxygenated blood directly from the ______. (A) right ventricle, lungs (B) right ventricle, right atrium (C) left atrium, left ventricle (D) left ventricle, left atrium (E) left ventricle, lungs

6. Which description about the endocrine system is FALSE? (A) Epinephrine synthesized from tyrosine is secreted from adrenal medulla. (B) Posterior pituitary synthesizes and secrets antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin. (C) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood Ca2+ level by stimulating kidneys and bones. (D) Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose and suppress immune system in long-term stress response. (E) None of the above

7. Which description about digestive system is FALSE? (A) Pantothenic acid, a component of coenzyme A, causes fatigue in deficiency. (B) Magnesium, an enzyme cofactor, causes nervous system disturbance in deficiency. (C) Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the release of enzyme from pancreas. (D) Leptin, produced by adipose tissue, stimulates appetite. (E) None of the above