⑸ Stevedore damage

⑴船體與機械險

⑵初期檢驗

⑶海事留置權

⑷海損理算師

⑸實際全損

⑴ The ‘crew negligence’ and ‘faulty navigation’ are both long standing and acceptable defences acknowledged by the courts. On the other hand, lack of due diligence on the part of owners is not.

⑵ Cargo claims as between the Owners and the Time Charterers shall be settled in accordance with the Inter-Club New York Produce Exchange Agreement of February 1970, as amended May 1984, or any subsequent modification or replacement thereof.

四、一般 P&I Clubs 承擔的責任為何（請列舉五項）？（20 分）

一、SURVEY REPORT OF CORRECTING THE DRAFT The surveyor has read six drafts-forward, aft and midships on both sides. These must be reduced to a single correct mean draft with which to enter the displacement tables. The reduction involves correcting for the effects of list, trim and hull deformation. If the ship was perfectly upright, on an even keel and not bent at all, then all six drafts would be the same. This draft would be the one to use. It never happens like that in practice. （20 分）

二、PRE-SHIPMENT SURVEYS Pre-shipment surveys are inspections of the cargo or the compartment where it will be stowed before loading. The intention of the survey will vary depending on who calls for it. Shipowners and their P&I clubs will call for pre-shipment surveys where they know that large cargo claims are likely to arise. The intention of the survey is then to make sure that the exact condition of the cargo on loading is specified on the bills of lading, and that due care has been taken in preparing the ship for the cargo. They can then more easily refute damage claims. Underwriters for the cargo may call for a warranty survey when high value cargo is to be shipped.（20 分）

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