23“The athletes practiced in the SkyDome.” In thematic roles, the word athletes can be defined as ______________.
(A) theme
(B) agent
(C) goal
(D) source

Thematic roles語義角色   必須依照動詞來判斷

Agents are arguments that bring about a state of affairs. 動作的主體，即做出動作或發生變化的人或事物

Experiencers are arguments that undergo a sensory, cognitive, or emotional experience. 

e.g., Many people fear snakes.

Recipients are arguments that receive something (whether good or bad) in a situation. 接收者

e.g., They gave the workers a raise.

Locations are simply places; like recipients, they can serve as endpoints of paths.

e.g., We put the book on the shelf.

Measure or amount arguments express extension along some dimension (length, duration, cost, and so on).

e.g., The book costs ten dollars.

Benefactive is the entity that receives a concrete or abstract element as a result of the action of the verb. 受益

e.g., Jack sent flowers to Jill as an apology.

Theme is the entity that directly receives the action of the verb.  e.g., Jill pushed Jack down the hill.

Instrument is the entity by which the action of the verb is carried out. 工具

Goal is the direction towards which the action of the verb moves.

Source is the direction from which the action originates. 來源

Agents are usually the subject of a transitive, ditransitive, or unergative verb. 

Themes are mostly the direct object of a transitive or ditransitive verb. 

Goals, source, locations, benefactives, and instruments are normally embedded in a prepositional phrase. 

Experiencers are usually the subject of certain verbs.

e.g., John hit Greg.

       agent    theme

       Harry brought two fish from the store.

        agent                    theme            source

    The cookies were eaten in the kitchen by the baker.

               theme                                location           agent

（A）theme: The entity that directly receives the action of the verb.

（B）agent: The entity that intentionally carries out the action of the verb.

（C）goal: The direction towards which the action of the verb moves.

（D）source: The direction from which the action originates.

資料來源：http://www.linguisticsnetwork.com/semantics-thematic-roles/

Thematic Roles (論旨角色)

The arguments which a verb assigns are referred to as Thematic or Theta Roles.

Major theta roles include:

(1) Agent (主事者) --The entity that intentionally carries out the action of the verb.

(2) Experiencer (心理上的過程、經驗) --The entity that undergoes an emotion, a state of being, or a perception expressed by the verb.

(3) Theme (受事者，受動作後可能存在者) --The entity that directly receives the action of the verb.

(4) Patient (受試者，受動作後可能不存在者)

(5) Instrument (工具) --The entity by which the action of the verb is carried out.

(6) Goal (目的) --The direction towards which the action of the verb moves.

(7) Source (來源) --The direction from which the action originates.

(8) Location (地點) --The location where the action of the verb takes place.

(9) Benefactive--The entity that receives a concrete or abstract element as a result of the action of the verb

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