2.

1.形成性評量

2.軼事紀錄

3.潛在課程

4.核心素養

5.後設認知

1.請說明派登(Parten)將不同年齡孩子社會性遊戲型態分成哪些類型？

2.試述「恩物」之設計理念、內容及其使用原則

3.請簡述「非營利幼兒園」的意涵？並請比較「非營利幼兒園」與「公辦民營」幼兒園的差異性？

V. Cloze Test Designing: 20%(1) First, summarize the following article into a passage of around 200-250 words. (10%) (2) Second, design a CLOZE test with five questions (with four items in each question). (10%) *The answers should be provided.     Tourism can cause the same forms of pollution as any other industry: air emissions, noise, solid waste and littering, releases of sewage, oil and chemicals, even architectural/visual pollution. Air pollution and noise    Transport by air, road, and rail is continuously increasing in response to the rising number reported that the number of international air passengers worldwide rose from 88 million in 1972 to 344 million in 1994. One consequence of this increase in air transport is that tourism now accounts for more than 60% of air travel and is therefore responsible for an important share of air emissions. One study estimated that a single transatlantic return flight emits almost half the CO2 emissions produced by all other sources (lighting, heating, car use, etc.) consumed by an average person yearly    Transport emissions and emissions from energy production and use are linked to acid rain, global warming and photochemical pollution. Air pollution from tourist transportation has impacts on the global level, especially from carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions related to transportation energy use. And it can contribute to severe local air pollution. Some of these impacts are quite specific to tourist activities. For example, especially in very hot or cold countries, tour buses often leave their motors running for hours while the tourists go out for an excursion because they want to return to a comfortably air-conditioned bus.    Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, and buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of modern life. In addition to causing annoyance, stress, and even hearing loss for it humans, it causes distress to wildlife, especially in sensitive areas. For instance, noise generated by snowmobiles can cause animals to alter their natural activity patterns. Solid waste and littering   In areas with high concentrations of tourist activities and appealing natural attractions, waste disposal is a serious problem and improper disposal can be a major despoiler of the natural environment - rivers, scenic areas, and roadsides. For example, cruise ships in the Caribbean are estimated to produce more than 70,000 tons of waste each year. Today some cruise lines are actively working to reduce waste-related impacts. Solid waste and littering can degrade the physical appearance of the water and shoreline and cause the death of marine animals.    In mountain areas, trekking tourists generate a great deal of waste. Tourists on expedition leave behind their garbage, oxygen cylinders and even camping equipment. Such practices degrade the environment with all the detritus typical of the developed world, in remote areas that have few garbage collection or disposal facilities. Some trails in the Peruvian Andes and in Nepal frequently visited by tourists have been nicknamed "Coca-Cola trail" and "Toilet paper trail". Sewage   Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities often leads to increased sewage pollution. Wastewater has polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist attractions, damaging the flora and fauna. Sewage runoff causes serious damage to coral reefs because it stimulates the growth of algae, which cover the filter-feeding corals, hindering their ability to survive. Changes in salinity and siltation can have wide-ranging impacts on coastal environments. And sewage pollution can threaten the health of humans and animals. Aesthetic Pollution   Often tourism fails to integrate its structures with the natural features and indigenous architectural of the destination. Large, dominating resorts of disparate design can look out of place in any natural environment and may clash with the indigenous structural design   A lack of land-use planning and building regulations in many destinations has facilitated sprawling developments along coastlines, valleys and scenic routes. The sprawl includes tourism facilities themselves and supporting infrastructure such as roads, employee housing, parking, service area.

VI. Design FIVE Reading Comprehension Questions based on the following article. Each question contains 4 choices (A), (B), (C), and (D), with one of them being the best answer. The answer key should be provided. (15%)   Teens who spend large amounts of time glued to phone and computer screens are markedly less happy than those who prefer “real world” activities, a study has found. Psychologists in the US analyzed data from the Monitoring the Future longitudinal study, a major survey looking at the lives of more than a million young people. They found that playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting were all associated with less happiness. Adolescents who invested more time in non-screen activities such as playing sport, reading newspapers and face-to-face social interaction were significantly happier.    Lead scientist Professor Jean Twenge, from San Diego State University, said: “Although this study can’t show causation, several other studies have shown that more social media use leads to unhappiness, but unhappiness does not lead to more social media use.” The trend was reflected in historical records since the 1990s, said the researchers, whose findings appear in the journal Emotion. Over time, the increasing proliferation of screen devices coincided with a general decline in reported happiness among American teenagers.   The life satisfaction, self-esteem and happiness of young people in the US plummeted after 2012, the year when the proportion of Americans owning a smartphone rose above 50%. “By far the largest change in teens’ lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they spent on digital media, and the subsequent decline in in-person social activities and sleep,” said Prof Twenge. “The advent of the smartphone is the most plausible explanation for the sudden decrease in teens’ psychological well-being.”   Total screen abstinence was not a recipe for happiness either, the study found. The happiest teenagers were those who used digital media a little less than an hour a day. After a daily hour of screen time, levels of unhappiness rose steadily. Prof Twenge added: “The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use.

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